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Perceived Crowding and Risk Perception According to Leisure Activity Type during COVID-19 Using Spatial Proximity

Author

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  • Young-Jae Kim

    (Department of Physical Education, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea)

  • Seung-Woo Kang

    (Department of Physical Education, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea)

Abstract

This study aimed to investigate the difference in people’s perceived crowding and risk perception during leisure activities using the criteria of spatial proximity during the COVID-19 pandemic. COVID-19 is a viral respiratory tract disease that poses an increasing risk of infection through person-to-person transmission in a confined space or close proximity to an infected person. It is thus crucial to maintain a sufficiently safe distance from others during leisure activities. In this study, measures concerning leisure activity spaces and the current status of leisure activities were investigated. Data were gathered from a total of 1078 participants via an online survey conducted from 26 to 29 October 2020. Frequency analysis was performed to investigate the sample characteristics and exploratory factor analysis was performed to analyze the validity of the measurement tools. Results revealed that people’s perceived crowding of leisure activity spaces directly influenced their participation in leisure activities. Regarding age, those in their 20s were more aware of congestion and their risk perception was higher than those in their 40s and 50s. It was found that people perceived cultural and artistic activities to be dangerous as they often take place as part of tourism and leisure activities and amidst crowds. However, their high-risk perception indirectly influenced their participation patterns, making it difficult to enjoy leisure activities. To lower the risk perception of leisure activity spaces, it was necessary to secure more safe distancing than current regulations require. Future research must conduct a longitudinal investigation by objectively stratifying the degree of perceived crowding.

Suggested Citation

  • Young-Jae Kim & Seung-Woo Kang, 2021. "Perceived Crowding and Risk Perception According to Leisure Activity Type during COVID-19 Using Spatial Proximity," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(2), pages 1-12, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:2:p:457-:d:476936
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Young-Jae Kim & Seung-Woo Kang, 2024. "Effect of perceived crowding on risk perception in leisure sports: an analysis based on Edward T Hall’s concept of ‘proxemics’," Palgrave Communications, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 11(1), pages 1-8, December.
    2. Rachele Pretto & Arthur Huang & Jorge Ridderstaat & Efren de La Mora & Adam Haney, 2023. "Consumers’ Behavioral Trends in the Arts, Entertainment, and Recreation Sector amid a Global Pandemic: A Qualitative Study," Tourism and Hospitality, MDPI, vol. 4(2), pages 1-11, April.
    3. Lu Yang & Yong-Zhan Zheng & Hsiao-Hsien Lin & I-Shen Chen & Kuan-Yu Chen & Qi-Yuan Li & I-En Tsai, 2023. "Under the Risk of COVID-19 Epidemic: A Study on the Influence of Life Attitudes, Leisure Sports Values, and Workplace Risk Perceptions on Urban Development and Public Well-Being," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(10), pages 1-22, May.
    4. Hsiao-Hsien Lin & Tzu-Yun Lin & Chun-Wei Hsu & Che-Hsiu Chen & Qi-Yuan Li & Po-Hsuan Wu, 2022. "Moderating Effects of Religious Tourism Activities on Environmental Risk, Leisure Satisfaction, Physical and Mental Health and Well-Being among the Elderly in the Context of COVID-19," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(21), pages 1-17, November.
    5. Himanshu Grover, 2023. "Public risk perception of covid-19 transmission and support for compact development," Palgrave Communications, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 10(1), pages 1-9, December.

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