IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jeners/v16y2023i20p7197-d1264726.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Balancing Portfolios with Metals: A Safe Haven for Green Energy Investors?

Author

Listed:
  • Rui Manuel Dias

    (Center for Advanced Studies in Management and Economics, University of Évora, 7000-812 Évora, Portugal)

  • Mariana Chambino

    (Instituto Politécnico de Setúbal, ESCE-Escola Superior de Ciências Empresariais, 2910-761 Setúbal, Portugal)

  • Nuno Teixeira

    (Instituto Politécnico de Setúbal, ESCE-Escola Superior de Ciências Empresariais, 2910-761 Setúbal, Portugal)

  • Paulo Alexandre

    (Instituto Politécnico de Setúbal, ESCE-Escola Superior de Ciências Empresariais, 2910-761 Setúbal, Portugal)

  • Paula Heliodoro

    (Instituto Politécnico de Setúbal, ESCE-Escola Superior de Ciências Empresariais, 2910-761 Setúbal, Portugal)

Abstract

This study investigates the relationship between energy metals and precious metals to assess their suitability as safe haven assets in clean energy investment portfolios. This study aims to conduct an effect analysis of the events that occurred during the years 2020 and 2022, characterized by substantial investments in the field of clean energy. The analysed period encompasses the period from 13 July 2018 to 11 July 2023. The study is carried out in multiple stages with the aim of investigating a highly tumultuous period in the global economy. To assess long-term relationships, the econometric methodology proposed by Gregory and Hansen will be employed. The research shows a positive association between energy metals (excluding nickel futures) and clean energy indexes, suggesting their potential as secure investments for green investors diversifying their portfolios. Additionally, the study confirms the reliability of precious metals, such as gold, silver, and platinum as safe havens for clean energy stock indexes. These findings highlight the stability that both energy and precious metals can offer within clean energy portfolios during market volatility, emphasizing their value in such investment strategies. In brief, this study affirms that energy and precious metals are invaluable pillars in the structure of clean energy portfolios, offering unwavering support during market turbulence.

Suggested Citation

  • Rui Manuel Dias & Mariana Chambino & Nuno Teixeira & Paulo Alexandre & Paula Heliodoro, 2023. "Balancing Portfolios with Metals: A Safe Haven for Green Energy Investors?," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(20), pages 1-21, October.
  • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:16:y:2023:i:20:p:7197-:d:1264726
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/16/20/7197/pdf
    Download Restriction: no

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/16/20/7197/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Sadorsky, Perry, 2012. "Modeling renewable energy company risk," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 40(C), pages 39-48.
    2. Elie, Bouri & Naji, Jalkh & Dutta, Anupam & Uddin, Gazi Salah, 2019. "Gold and crude oil as safe-haven assets for clean energy stock indices: Blended copulas approach," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 178(C), pages 544-553.
    3. Baur, Dirk G. & McDermott, Thomas K., 2010. "Is gold a safe haven? International evidence," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 34(8), pages 1886-1898, August.
    4. Chemkha, Rahma & BenSaïda, Ahmed & Ghorbel, Ahmed & Tayachi, Tahar, 2021. "Hedge and safe haven properties during COVID-19: Evidence from Bitcoin and gold," The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 82(C), pages 71-85.
    5. Reboredo, Juan C. & Ugolini, Andrea, 2018. "The impact of energy prices on clean energy stock prices. A multivariate quantile dependence approach," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 76(C), pages 136-152.
    6. Managi, Shunsuke & Okimoto, Tatsuyoshi, 2013. "Does the price of oil interact with clean energy prices in the stock market?," Japan and the World Economy, Elsevier, vol. 27(C), pages 1-9.
    7. Dirk G. Baur & Brian M. Lucey, 2010. "Is Gold a Hedge or a Safe Haven? An Analysis of Stocks, Bonds and Gold," The Financial Review, Eastern Finance Association, vol. 45(2), pages 217-229, May.
    8. Im, Kyung So & Pesaran, M. Hashem & Shin, Yongcheol, 2003. "Testing for unit roots in heterogeneous panels," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 115(1), pages 53-74, July.
    9. Henriques, Irene & Sadorsky, Perry, 2008. "Oil prices and the stock prices of alternative energy companies," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 30(3), pages 998-1010, May.
    10. Wasim Ahmad & Shirin Rais, 2018. "Time-Varying Spillover and the Portfolio Diversification Implications of Clean Energy Equity with Commodities and Financial Assets," Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 54(8), pages 1837-1855, June.
    11. Walid Mensi & Debasish Maitra & Refk Selmi & Xuan Vinh Vo, 2023. "Extreme dependencies and spillovers between gold and stock markets: evidence from MENA countries," Financial Innovation, Springer;Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, vol. 9(1), pages 1-27, December.
    12. Thiago Pires Santana & Nicole Horta & Catarina Revez & Rui Manuel Teixeira Santos Dias & Gilney Figueira Zebende, 2023. "Effects of Interdependence and Contagion on Crude Oil and Precious Metals According to ρ DCCA : A COVID-19 Case Study," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(5), pages 1-12, February.
    13. Rui Dias & Nuno Teixeira & Paulo Alexandre & Mariana Chambino, 2023. "Exploring the Connection between Clean and Dirty Energy: Implications for the Transition to a Carbon-Resilient Economy," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(13), pages 1-21, June.
    14. Choi, In, 2001. "Unit root tests for panel data," Journal of International Money and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 20(2), pages 249-272, April.
    15. Bisharat Hussain Chang & Suresh Kumar Oad Rajput & Pervez Ahmed & Zafar Hayat, 2020. "Does Gold Act as a Hedge or a Safe Haven? Evidence from Pakistan," The Pakistan Development Review, Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, vol. 59(1), pages 69-80.
    16. Gregory, Allan W. & Hansen, Bruce E., 1996. "Residual-based tests for cointegration in models with regime shifts," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 70(1), pages 99-126, January.
    17. Kumar, Surender & Managi, Shunsuke & Matsuda, Akimi, 2012. "Stock prices of clean energy firms, oil and carbon markets: A vector autoregressive analysis," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 34(1), pages 215-226.
    18. Bondia, Ripsy & Ghosh, Sajal & Kanjilal, Kakali, 2016. "International crude oil prices and the stock prices of clean energy and technology companies: Evidence from non-linear cointegration tests with unknown structural breaks," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 101(C), pages 558-565.
    19. Dawar, Ishaan & Dutta, Anupam & Bouri, Elie & Saeed, Tareq, 2021. "Crude oil prices and clean energy stock indices: Lagged and asymmetric effects with quantile regression," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 163(C), pages 288-299.
    20. Levent Bulut & Islam Rizvanoghlu, 2020. "Is gold a safe haven? The international evidence revisited," Acta Oeconomica, Akadémiai Kiadó, Hungary, vol. 70(4), pages 531-549, December.
    21. Dickey, David A & Fuller, Wayne A, 1981. "Likelihood Ratio Statistics for Autoregressive Time Series with a Unit Root," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 49(4), pages 1057-1072, June.
    22. Henriques, Irene & Sadorsky, Perry, 2018. "Investor implications of divesting from fossil fuels," Global Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 38(C), pages 30-44.
    23. Yahya, Muhammad & Ghosh, Sajal & Kanjilal, Kakali & Dutta, Anupam & Uddin, Gazi Salah, 2020. "Evaluation of cross-quantile dependence and causality between non-ferrous metals and clean energy indexes," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 202(C).
    24. Caner Ozdurak & Alican Umut & Tugba Ozay, 2022. "The Interaction of Major Crypto-assets, Clean Energy, and Technology Indices in Diversified Portfolios," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, vol. 12(2), pages 480-490, March.
    25. Rui Dias & Paulo Alexandre & Nuno Teixeira & Mariana Chambino, 2023. "Clean Energy Stocks: Resilient Safe Havens in the Volatility of Dirty Cryptocurrencies," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(13), pages 1-24, July.
    26. Levin, Andrew & Lin, Chien-Fu & James Chu, Chia-Shang, 2002. "Unit root tests in panel data: asymptotic and finite-sample properties," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 108(1), pages 1-24, May.
    27. Rui Dias & Nicole Horta & Mariana Chambino, 2023. "Clean Energy Action Index Efficiency: An Analysis in Global Uncertainty Contexts," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(9), pages 1-18, May.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Gustafsson, Robert & Dutta, Anupam & Bouri, Elie, 2022. "Are energy metals hedges or safe havens for clean energy stock returns?," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 244(PA).
    2. Fernanda Fuentes & Rodrigo Herrera, 2020. "Dynamics of Connectedness in Clean Energy Stocks," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(14), pages 1-19, July.
    3. Elie, Bouri & Naji, Jalkh & Dutta, Anupam & Uddin, Gazi Salah, 2019. "Gold and crude oil as safe-haven assets for clean energy stock indices: Blended copulas approach," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 178(C), pages 544-553.
    4. Yahya, Muhammad & Kanjilal, Kakali & Dutta, Anupam & Uddin, Gazi Salah & Ghosh, Sajal, 2021. "Can clean energy stock price rule oil price? New evidences from a regime-switching model at first and second moments," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 95(C).
    5. Capucine Nobletz, 2021. "Return spillovers between green energy indexes and financial markets: a first sectoral approach," EconomiX Working Papers 2021-24, University of Paris Nanterre, EconomiX.
    6. Sadorsky, Perry, 2022. "Forecasting solar stock prices using tree-based machine learning classification: How important are silver prices?," The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 61(C).
    7. Perry Sadorsky, 2021. "A Random Forests Approach to Predicting Clean Energy Stock Prices," JRFM, MDPI, vol. 14(2), pages 1-20, January.
    8. Kocaarslan, Baris & Soytas, Ugur, 2021. "Reserve currency and the volatility of clean energy stocks: The role of uncertainty," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 104(C).
    9. Zeyi Fu & Hongli Niu & Weiqing Wang, 2023. "Market Efficiency and Cross-Correlations of Chinese New Energy Market with Other Assets: Evidence from Multifractality Analysis," Computational Economics, Springer;Society for Computational Economics, vol. 62(3), pages 1287-1311, October.
    10. Hemrit, Wael & Benlagha, Noureddine, 2021. "Does renewable energy index respond to the pandemic uncertainty?," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 177(C), pages 336-347.
    11. Rui Dias & Nuno Teixeira & Paulo Alexandre & Mariana Chambino, 2023. "Exploring the Connection between Clean and Dirty Energy: Implications for the Transition to a Carbon-Resilient Economy," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(13), pages 1-21, June.
    12. Tan, Xueping & Geng, Yong & Vivian, Andrew & Wang, Xinyu, 2021. "Measuring risk spillovers between oil and clean energy stocks: Evidence from a systematic framework," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 74(C).
    13. He, Xiaojuan & Mishra, Shekhar & Aman, Ameenullah & Shahbaz, Muhammad & Razzaq, Asif & Sharif, Arshian, 2021. "The linkage between clean energy stocks and the fluctuations in oil price and financial stress in the US and Europe? Evidence from QARDL approach," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 72(C).
    14. Ahmad, Wasim & Sadorsky, Perry & Sharma, Amit, 2018. "Optimal hedge ratios for clean energy equities," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 72(C), pages 278-295.
    15. Si Mohammed, Kamel & Khalfaoui, Rabeh & Doğan, Buhari & Sharma, Gagan Deep & Mentel, Urszula, 2023. "The reaction of the metal and gold resource planning in the post-COVID-19 era and Russia-Ukrainian conflict: Role of fossil fuel markets for portfolio hedging strategies," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 83(C).
    16. Juan C. Reboredo & Andrea Ugolini & Yifei Chen, 2019. "Interdependence Between Renewable-Energy and Low-Carbon Stock Prices," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(23), pages 1-14, November.
    17. Uddin, Gazi Salah & Rahman, Md Lutfur & Hedström, Axel & Ahmed, Ali, 2019. "Cross-quantilogram-based correlation and dependence between renewable energy stock and other asset classes," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 80(C), pages 743-759.
    18. Asl, Mahdi Ghaemi & Canarella, Giorgio & Miller, Stephen M., 2021. "Dynamic asymmetric optimal portfolio allocation between energy stocks and energy commodities: Evidence from clean energy and oil and gas companies," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 71(C).
    19. Fu, Zheng & Chen, Zhiguo & Sharif, Arshian & Razi, Ummara, 2022. "The role of financial stress, oil, gold and natural gas prices on clean energy stocks: Global evidence from extreme quantile approach," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 78(C).
    20. Matteo Foglia & Eliana Angelini, 2020. "Volatility Connectedness between Clean Energy Firms and Crude Oil in the COVID-19 Era," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(23), pages 1-22, November.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:16:y:2023:i:20:p:7197-:d:1264726. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.