IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jeners/v15y2022i18p6575-d909980.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Charging Behavior of Electric Vehicles: Temporal Clustering Based on Real-World Data

Author

Listed:
  • Alexandra Märtz

    (Chair of Energy Economics, Institute for Industrial Production, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76187 Karlsruhe, Germany)

  • Uwe Langenmayr

    (Chair of Energy Economics, Institute for Industrial Production, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76187 Karlsruhe, Germany)

  • Sabrina Ried

    (Chair of Energy Economics, Institute for Industrial Production, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76187 Karlsruhe, Germany)

  • Katrin Seddig

    (Chair of Energy Economics, Institute for Industrial Production, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76187 Karlsruhe, Germany)

  • Patrick Jochem

    (Institute of Networked Energy Systems, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Curiestr. 4, 70563 Stuttgart, Germany)

Abstract

The increasing adoption of battery electric vehicles (BEVs) is leading to rising demand for electricity and, thus, leading to new challenges for the energy system and, particularly, the electricity grid. However, there is a broad consensus that the critical factor is not the additional energy demand, but the possible load peaks occurring from many simultaneous charging processes. Hence, sound knowledge about the charging behavior of BEVs and the resulting load profiles is required for a successful and smart integration of BEVs into the energy system. This requires a large amount of empirical data on charging processes and plug-in times, which is still lacking in literature. This paper is based on a comprehensive data set of 2.6 million empirical charging processes and investigates the possibility of identifying different groups of charging processes. For this, a Gaussian mixture model, as well as a k-means clustering approach, are applied and the results validated against synthetic load profiles and the original data. The identified load profiles, the flexibility potential and the charging locations of the clusters are of high relevance for energy system modelers, grid operators, utilities and many more. We identified, in this early market phase of BEVs, a surprisingly high number of opportunity chargers during daytime, as well as switching of users between charging clusters.

Suggested Citation

  • Alexandra Märtz & Uwe Langenmayr & Sabrina Ried & Katrin Seddig & Patrick Jochem, 2022. "Charging Behavior of Electric Vehicles: Temporal Clustering Based on Real-World Data," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(18), pages 1-26, September.
  • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:15:y:2022:i:18:p:6575-:d:909980
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/15/18/6575/pdf
    Download Restriction: no

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/15/18/6575/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Christoph M. Flath & Jens P. Ilg & Sebastian Gottwalt & Hartmut Schmeck & Christof Weinhardt, 2014. "Improving Electric Vehicle Charging Coordination Through Area Pricing," Transportation Science, INFORMS, vol. 48(4), pages 619-634, November.
    2. Zhang, Jing & Yan, Jie & Liu, Yongqian & Zhang, Haoran & Lv, Guoliang, 2020. "Daily electric vehicle charging load profiles considering demographics of vehicle users," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 274(C).
    3. Yvenn Amara-Ouali & Yannig Goude & Pascal Massart & Jean-Michel Poggi & Hui Yan, 2021. "A Review of Electric Vehicle Load Open Data and Models," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(8), pages 1-35, April.
    4. Gunkel, Philipp Andreas & Bergaentzlé, Claire & Græsted Jensen, Ida & Scheller, Fabian, 2020. "From passive to active: Flexibility from electric vehicles in the context of transmission system development," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 277(C).
    5. Satre-Meloy, Aven & Diakonova, Marina & Grünewald, Philipp, 2020. "Cluster analysis and prediction of residential peak demand profiles using occupant activity data," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 260(C).
    6. Chung, Yu-Wei & Khaki, Behnam & Li, Tianyi & Chu, Chicheng & Gadh, Rajit, 2019. "Ensemble machine learning-based algorithm for electric vehicle user behavior prediction," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 254(C).
    7. Gonzalez Venegas, Felipe & Petit, Marc & Perez, Yannick, 2021. "Active integration of electric vehicles into distribution grids: Barriers and frameworks for flexibility services," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 145(C).
    8. Helmus, J.R. & Spoelstra, J.C. & Refa, N. & Lees, M. & van den Hoed, R., 2018. "Assessment of public charging infrastructure push and pull rollout strategies: The case of the Netherlands," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 121(C), pages 35-47.
    9. Knezović, Katarina & Marinelli, Mattia & Zecchino, Antonio & Andersen, Peter Bach & Traeholt, Chresten, 2017. "Supporting involvement of electric vehicles in distribution grids: Lowering the barriers for a proactive integration," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 134(C), pages 458-468.
    10. Huber, Julian & Dann, David & Weinhardt, Christof, 2020. "Probabilistic forecasts of time and energy flexibility in battery electric vehicle charging," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 262(C).
    11. Ma, Zhenjun & Yan, Rui & Nord, Natasa, 2017. "A variation focused cluster analysis strategy to identify typical daily heating load profiles of higher education buildings," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 134(C), pages 90-102.
    12. Pagani, M. & Korosec, W. & Chokani, N. & Abhari, R.S., 2019. "User behaviour and electric vehicle charging infrastructure: An agent-based model assessment," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 254(C).
    13. Seddig, Katrin & Jochem, Patrick & Fichtner, Wolf, 2019. "Two-stage stochastic optimization for cost-minimal charging of electric vehicles at public charging stations with photovoltaics," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 242(C), pages 769-781.
    14. Philipp Andreas Gunkel & Claire Bergaentzl'e & Ida Gr{ae}sted Jensen & Fabian Scheller, 2020. "From passive to active: Flexibility from electric vehicles in the context of transmission system development," Papers 2011.05830, arXiv.org.
    15. Heinz, Daniel, 2018. "Erstellung und Auswertung repräsentativer Mobilitäts- und Ladeprofile für Elektrofahrzeuge in Deutschland," Working Paper Series in Production and Energy 30, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Industrial Production (IIP).
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Bergaentzle, Claire & Gunkel, Philipp Andreas, 2022. "Cross-sector flexibility, storage investment and the integration of renewables: Capturing the impacts of grid tariffs," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 164(C).
    2. Strobel, Leo & Schlund, Jonas & Pruckner, Marco, 2022. "Joint analysis of regional and national power system impacts of electric vehicles—A case study for Germany on the county level in 2030," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 315(C).
    3. Daryabari, Mohamad K. & Keypour, Reza & Golmohamadi, Hessam, 2020. "Stochastic energy management of responsive plug-in electric vehicles characterizing parking lot aggregators," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 279(C).
    4. McGarry, Connor & Dixon, James & Flower, Jack & Bukhsh, Waqquas & Brand, Christian & Bell, Keith & Galloway, Stuart, 2024. "Electrified heat and transport: Energy demand futures, their impacts on power networks and what it means for system flexibility," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 360(C).
    5. Sevdari, Kristian & Calearo, Lisa & Andersen, Peter Bach & Marinelli, Mattia, 2022. "Ancillary services and electric vehicles: An overview from charging clusters and chargers technology perspectives," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 167(C).
    6. Simolin, Toni & Rauma, Kalle & Viri, Riku & Mäkinen, Johanna & Rautiainen, Antti & Järventausta, Pertti, 2021. "Charging powers of the electric vehicle fleet: Evolution and implications at commercial charging sites," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 303(C).
    7. Østergaard, P.A. & Lund, H. & Thellufsen, J.Z. & Sorknæs, P. & Mathiesen, B.V., 2022. "Review and validation of EnergyPLAN," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 168(C).
    8. Nagel, Niels Oliver & Jåstad, Eirik Ogner & Martinsen, Thomas, 2024. "The grid benefits of vehicle-to-grid in Norway and Denmark: An analysis of home- and public parking potentials," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 293(C).
    9. Indre Siksnelyte-Butkiene & Dalia Streimikiene, 2022. "Sustainable Development of Road Transport in the EU: Multi-Criteria Analysis of Countries’ Achievements," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(21), pages 1-25, November.
    10. Jåstad, Eirik Ogner & Bolkesjø, Torjus Folsland, 2023. "Modelling emission and land-use impacts of altered bioenergy use in the future energy system," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 265(C).
    11. Yin, Linfei & Qiu, Yao, 2022. "Long-term price guidance mechanism of flexible energy service providers based on stochastic differential methods," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 238(PB).
    12. Jerez Monsalves, Juan & Bergaentzlé, Claire & Keles, Dogan, 2023. "Impacts of flexible-cooling and waste-heat recovery from data centres on energy systems: A Danish case study," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 281(C).
    13. Gunkel, Philipp Andreas & Kachirayil, Febin & Bergaentzlé, Claire-Marie & McKenna, Russell & Keles, Dogan & Jacobsen, Henrik Klinge, 2023. "Uniform taxation of electricity: incentives for flexibility and cost redistribution among household categories," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 127(PB).
    14. Jåstad, Eirik Ogner & Bolkesjø, Torjus Folsland, 2023. "Offshore wind power market values in the North Sea – A probabilistic approach," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 267(C).
    15. Heffron, Raphael J. & Körner, Marc-Fabian & Schöpf, Michael & Wagner, Jonathan & Weibelzahl, Martin, 2021. "The role of flexibility in the light of the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond: Contributing to a sustainable and resilient energy future in Europe," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 140(C).
    16. Helmus, Jurjen R. & Lees, Michael H. & van den Hoed, Robert, 2022. "A validated agent-based model for stress testing charging infrastructure utilization," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 159(C), pages 237-262.
    17. Valkering, Pieter & Moglianesi, Andrea & Godon, Louis & Duerinck, Jan & Huber, Dominik & Costa, Daniele, 2023. "Representing decentralized generation and local energy use flexibility in an energy system optimization model," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 348(C).
    18. Fu, Zhengtang & Dong, Peiwu & Ju, Yanbing & Gan, Zhenkun & Zhu, Min, 2022. "An intelligent green vehicle management system for urban food reliably delivery:A case study of Shanghai, China," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 257(C).
    19. Roldán-Blay, Carlos & Escrivá-Escrivá, Guillermo & Roldán-Porta, Carlos & Dasí-Crespo, Daniel, 2023. "Optimal sizing and design of renewable power plants in rural microgrids using multi-objective particle swarm optimization and branch and bound methods," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 284(C).
    20. Golsefidi, Atefeh Hemmati & Hüttel, Frederik Boe & Peled, Inon & Samaranayake, Samitha & Pereira, Francisco Câmara, 2023. "A joint machine learning and optimization approach for incremental expansion of electric vehicle charging infrastructure," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 178(C).

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:15:y:2022:i:18:p:6575-:d:909980. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.