IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jeners/v14y2021i9p2512-d544727.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Determination of the Selected Wells Operational Power with Borehole Heat Exchangers Operating in Real Conditions, Based on Experimental Tests

Author

Listed:
  • Joanna Piotrowska-Woroniak

    (HVAC Department, Bialystok University of Technology, Wiejska 45E, 15–351 Bialystok, Poland)

Abstract

On the basis of experimental studies, the operational power of four borehole heat exchangers (BHE) under real conditions was determined. The research was carried out in 2018–2019. The theoretical power of the BHE was verified with its operating power. The amount of thermal energy absorbed from the ground by individual BHEs, the operating temperatures obtained at the inlet and outlet of the exchanger, the annual brine flow rate, and the average operating power of the tested wells in two heating seasons were compared and analyzed. Both in 2018 and 2019, none of the examined exchangers achieved an average unit capacity of a well. The aim of the work is to verify the specific ground thermal efficiency indicators adopted for the design of the lower heat source, determined using the computational method and the TRT test with data obtained on the basis of experimental tests. The differences between the results of the tests of the operating parameters of the analyzed BHEs were shown. The data obtained in real conditions is valuable in the research and development of the BHE system.

Suggested Citation

  • Joanna Piotrowska-Woroniak, 2021. "Determination of the Selected Wells Operational Power with Borehole Heat Exchangers Operating in Real Conditions, Based on Experimental Tests," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(9), pages 1-21, April.
  • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:14:y:2021:i:9:p:2512-:d:544727
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/14/9/2512/pdf
    Download Restriction: no

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/14/9/2512/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Nicola Bartolini & Alessandro Casasso & Carlo Bianco & Rajandrea Sethi, 2020. "Environmental and Economic Impact of the Antifreeze Agents in Geothermal Heat Exchangers," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(21), pages 1-18, October.
    2. Luca Alberti & Adriana Angelotti & Matteo Antelmi & Ivana La Licata, 2017. "A Numerical Study on the Impact of Grouting Material on Borehole Heat Exchangers Performance in Aquifers," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(5), pages 1-15, May.
    3. Takao Katsura & Yoshitaka Sakata & Lan Ding & Katsunori Nagano, 2020. "Development of Simulation Tool for Ground Source Heat Pump Systems Influenced by Ground Surface," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(17), pages 1-18, August.
    4. Claudia Naldi & Enzo Zanchini, 2019. "Full-Time-Scale Fluid-to-Ground Thermal Response of a Borefield with Uniform Fluid Temperature," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(19), pages 1-18, September.
    5. Rad, Farzin M. & Fung, Alan S., 2016. "Solar community heating and cooling system with borehole thermal energy storage – Review of systems," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 60(C), pages 1550-1561.
    6. Matt S. Mitchell & Jeffrey D. Spitler, 2020. "An Enhanced Vertical Ground Heat Exchanger Model for Whole-Building Energy Simulation," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(16), pages 1-27, August.
    7. Johan Claesson & Saqib Javed, 2018. "Explicit Multipole Formulas for Calculating Thermal Resistance of Single U-Tube Ground Heat Exchangers," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(1), pages 1-17, January.
    8. Xiao-Hui Sun & Hongbin Yan & Mehrdad Massoudi & Zhi-Hua Chen & Wei-Tao Wu, 2018. "Numerical Simulation of Nanofluid Suspensions in a Geothermal Heat Exchanger," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(4), pages 1-18, April.
    9. Hossein Javadi & Javier F. Urchueguia & Seyed Soheil Mousavi Ajarostaghi & Borja Badenes, 2020. "Numerical Study on the Thermal Performance of a Single U-Tube Borehole Heat Exchanger Using Nano-Enhanced Phase Change Materials," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(19), pages 1-30, October.
    10. Elżbieta Hałaj & Leszek Pająk & Bartosz Papiernik, 2020. "Finite Element Modeling of Geothermal Source of Heat Pump in Long-Term Operation," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(6), pages 1-18, March.
    11. Xinbo Lei & Xiuhua Zheng & Chenyang Duan & Jianhong Ye & Kang Liu, 2019. "Three-Dimensional Numerical Simulation of Geothermal Field of Buried Pipe Group Coupled with Heat and Permeable Groundwater," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(19), pages 1-16, September.
    12. Seung-Min Lee & Seung-Hoon Park & Yong-Sung Jang & Eui-Jong Kim, 2021. "Proposition of Design Capacity of Borehole Heat Exchangers for Use in the Schematic-Design Stage," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(4), pages 1-17, February.
    13. Anjan Rao Puttige & Staffan Andersson & Ronny Östin & Thomas Olofsson, 2020. "A Novel Analytical-ANN Hybrid Model for Borehole Heat Exchanger," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(23), pages 1-19, November.
    14. Sangwoo Park & Seokjae Lee & Hyobum Lee & Khanh Pham & Hangseok Choi, 2016. "Effect of Borehole Material on Analytical Solutions of the Heat Transfer Model of Ground Heat Exchangers Considering Groundwater Flow," Energies, MDPI, vol. 9(5), pages 1-19, April.
    15. Ahmed A. Serageldin & Ali Radwan & Yoshitaka Sakata & Takao Katsura & Katsunori Nagano, 2020. "The Effect of Groundwater Flow on the Thermal Performance of a Novel Borehole Heat Exchanger for Ground Source Heat Pump Systems: Small Scale Experiments and Numerical Simulation," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(6), pages 1-26, March.
    16. Ma, Z.D. & Jia, G.S. & Cui, X. & Xia, Z.H. & Zhang, Y.P. & Jin, L.W., 2020. "Analysis on variations of ground temperature field and thermal radius caused by ground heat exchanger crossing an aquifer layer," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 276(C).
    17. Louis Lamarche & Jasmin Raymond & Claude Hugo Koubikana Pambou, 2017. "Evaluation of the Internal and Borehole Resistances during Thermal Response Tests and Impact on Ground Heat Exchanger Design," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(1), pages 1-17, December.
    18. Atwany, Hanin & Hamdan, Mohammad O. & Abu-Nabah, Bassam A. & Alami, Abdul Hai & Attom, Mousa, 2020. "Experimental evaluation of ground heat exchanger in UAE," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 159(C), pages 538-546.
    19. Borja Badenes & Miguel Ángel Mateo Pla & Lenin G. Lemus-Zúñiga & Begoña Sáiz Mauleón & Javier F. Urchueguía, 2017. "On the Influence of Operational and Control Parameters in Thermal Response Testing of Borehole Heat Exchangers," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(9), pages 1-15, September.
    20. Yu, Xiaohui & Li, Hongwei & Yao, Sheng & Nielsen, Vilhjalmur & Heller, Alfred, 2020. "Development of an efficient numerical model and analysis of heat transfer performance for borehole heat exchanger," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 152(C), pages 189-197.
    21. Bakirci, Kadir, 2010. "Evaluation of the performance of a ground-source heat-pump system with series GHE (ground heat exchanger) in the cold climate region," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 35(7), pages 3088-3096.
    22. Sailer, Eleonora & Taborda, David M.G. & Zdravković, Lidija, 2018. "A new approach to estimating temperature fields around a group of vertical ground heat exchangers in two-dimensional analyses," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 118(C), pages 579-590.
    23. Xuedan Zhang & Tiantian Zhang & Bingxi Li & Yiqiang Jiang, 2019. "Comparison of Four Methods for Borehole Heat Exchanger Sizing Subject to Thermal Response Test Parameter Estimation," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(21), pages 1-30, October.
    24. Peng Li & Peng Guan & Jun Zheng & Bin Dou & Hong Tian & Xinsheng Duan & Hejuan Liu, 2020. "Field Test and Numerical Simulation on Heat Transfer Performance of Coaxial Borehole Heat Exchanger," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(20), pages 1-19, October.
    25. Hu, Jinzhong, 2017. "An improved analytical model for vertical borehole ground heat exchanger with multiple-layer substrates and groundwater flow," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 202(C), pages 537-549.
    26. Angelo Zarrella & Giuseppe Emmi & Samantha Graci & Michele De Carli & Matteo Cultrera & Giorgia Dalla Santa & Antonio Galgaro & David Bertermann & Johannes Müller & Luc Pockelé & Giulia Mezzasalma & D, 2017. "Thermal Response Testing Results of Different Types of Borehole Heat Exchangers: An Analysis and Comparison of Interpretation Methods," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(6), pages 1-18, June.
    27. Aminhossein Jahanbin & Giovanni Semprini & Andrea Natale Impiombato & Cesare Biserni & Eugenia Rossi di Schio, 2020. "Effects of the Circuit Arrangement on the Thermal Performance of Double U-Tube Ground Heat Exchangers," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(12), pages 1-19, June.
    28. Cristina Sáez Blázquez & Laura Piedelobo & Jesús Fernández-Hernández & Ignacio Martín Nieto & Arturo Farfán Martín & Susana Lagüela & Diego González-Aguilera, 2020. "Novel Experimental Device to Monitor the Ground Thermal Exchange in a Borehole Heat Exchanger," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(5), pages 1-22, March.
    29. Tomislav Kurevija & Kristina Strpić & Sonja Koščak-Kolin, 2018. "Applying Petroleum the Pressure Buildup Well Test Procedure on Thermal Response Test—A Novel Method for Analyzing Temperature Recovery Period," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(2), pages 1-22, February.
    30. Nian, Yong-Le & Wang, Xiang-Yang & Xie, Kun & Cheng, Wen-Long, 2020. "Estimation of ground thermal properties for coaxial BHE through distributed thermal response test," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 152(C), pages 1209-1219.
    31. Linden Jensen-Page & Fleur Loveridge & Guillermo A. Narsilio, 2019. "Thermal Response Testing of Large Diameter Energy Piles," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(14), pages 1-25, July.
    32. Naicker, Selvaraj S. & Rees, Simon J., 2020. "Long-term high frequency monitoring of a large borehole heat exchanger array," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 145(C), pages 1528-1542.
    33. Witte, Henk J.L., 2013. "Error analysis of thermal response tests," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 109(C), pages 302-311.
    34. Davide Quaggiotto & Angelo Zarrella & Giuseppe Emmi & Michele De Carli & Luc Pockelé & Jacques Vercruysse & Mario Psyk & Davide Righini & Antonio Galgaro & Dimitrios Mendrinos & Adriana Bernardi, 2019. "Simulation-Based Comparison Between the Thermal Behavior of Coaxial and Double U-Tube Borehole Heat Exchangers," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(12), pages 1-18, June.
    35. Christopher Vella & Simon Paul Borg & Daniel Micallef, 2020. "The Effect of Shank-Space on the Thermal Performance of Shallow Vertical U-Tube Ground Heat Exchangers," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(3), pages 1-16, January.
    36. Sang Mu Bae & Yujin Nam & Jong Min Choi & Kwang Ho Lee & Jae Sang Choi, 2019. "Analysis on Thermal Performance of Ground Heat Exchanger According to Design Type Based on Thermal Response Test," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(4), pages 1-16, February.
    37. Sivasakthivel, T. & Philippe, Mikael & Murugesan, K. & Verma, Vikas & Hu, Pingfang, 2017. "Experimental thermal performance analysis of ground heat exchangers for space heating and cooling applications," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 113(C), pages 1168-1181.
    38. Ahmadfard, Mohammadamin & Bernier, Michel, 2019. "A review of vertical ground heat exchanger sizing tools including an inter-model comparison," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 110(C), pages 247-265.
    39. Kerme, Esa Dube & Fung, Alan S., 2020. "Heat transfer simulation, analysis and performance study of single U-tube borehole heat exchanger," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 145(C), pages 1430-1448.
    40. Angelo Zarrella & Roberto Zecchin & Philippe Pasquier & Diego Guzzon & Enrico Prataviera & Jacopo Vivian & Michele De Carli & Giuseppe Emmi, 2020. "Analysis of Retrofit Solutions of a Ground Source Heat Pump System: An Italian Case Study," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(21), pages 1-19, October.
    41. Cristina Sáez Blázquez & Arturo Farfán Martín & Ignacio Martín Nieto & Pedro Carrasco García & Luis Santiago Sánchez Pérez & Diego González-Aguilera, 2017. "Efficiency Analysis of the Main Components of a Vertical Closed-Loop System in a Borehole Heat Exchanger," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(2), pages 1-15, February.
    42. Takao Katsura & Takashi Higashitani & Yuzhi Fang & Yoshitaka Sakata & Katsunori Nagano & Hitoshi Akai & Motoaki OE, 2020. "A New Simulation Model for Vertical Spiral Ground Heat Exchangers Combining Cylindrical Source Model and Capacity Resistance Model," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(6), pages 1-17, March.
    43. Matteo Rivoire & Alessandro Casasso & Bruno Piga & Rajandrea Sethi, 2018. "Assessment of Energetic, Economic and Environmental Performance of Ground-Coupled Heat Pumps," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(8), pages 1-23, July.
    44. Zhang, Changxing & Guo, Zhanjun & Liu, Yufeng & Cong, Xiaochun & Peng, Donggen, 2014. "A review on thermal response test of ground-coupled heat pump systems," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 40(C), pages 851-867.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Joanna Piotrowska-Woroniak & Krzysztof Cieśliński & Grzegorz Woroniak & Jonas Bielskus, 2022. "The Impact of Thermo-Modernization and Forecast Regulation on the Reduction of Thermal Energy Consumption and Reduction of Pollutant Emissions into the Atmosphere on the Example of Prefabricated Build," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(8), pages 1-32, April.
    2. Beata Sadowska & Joanna Piotrowska-Woroniak & Grzegorz Woroniak & Wiesław Sarosiek, 2022. "Energy and Economic Efficiency of the Thermomodernization of an Educational Building and Reduction of Pollutant Emissions—A Case Study," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(8), pages 1-31, April.
    3. Tangnur Amanzholov & Abzal Seitov & Abdurashid Aliuly & Yelnar Yerdesh & Mohanraj Murugesan & Olivier Botella & Michel Feidt & Hua Sheng Wang & Yerzhan Belyayev & Amankeldy Toleukhanov, 2022. "Thermal Response Measurement and Performance Evaluation of Borehole Heat Exchangers: A Case Study in Kazakhstan," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(22), pages 1-31, November.
    4. Joanna Piotrowska-Woroniak, 2021. "Assessment of Ground Regeneration around Borehole Heat Exchangers between Heating Seasons in Cold Climates: A Case Study in Bialystok (NE, Poland)," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(16), pages 1-32, August.
    5. Joanna Piotrowska-Woroniak & Tomasz Szul, 2022. "Application of a Model Based on Rough Set Theory (RST) to Estimate the Energy Efficiency of Public Buildings," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(23), pages 1-13, November.
    6. Joanna Piotrowska-Woroniak & Tomasz Szul & Grzegorz Woroniak, 2023. "Application of a Model Based on Rough Set Theory (RST) for Estimating the Temperature of Brine from Vertical Ground Heat Exchangers (VGHE) Operated with a Heat Pump—A Case Study," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(20), pages 1-12, October.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Joanna Piotrowska-Woroniak, 2021. "Assessment of Ground Regeneration around Borehole Heat Exchangers between Heating Seasons in Cold Climates: A Case Study in Bialystok (NE, Poland)," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(16), pages 1-32, August.
    2. Luka Boban & Dino Miše & Stjepan Herceg & Vladimir Soldo, 2021. "Application and Design Aspects of Ground Heat Exchangers," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(8), pages 1-31, April.
    3. Tomasz Sliwa & Kinga Jarosz & Marc A. Rosen & Anna Sojczyńska & Aneta Sapińska-Śliwa & Andrzej Gonet & Karolina Fąfera & Tomasz Kowalski & Martyna Ciepielowska, 2020. "Influence of Rotation Speed and Air Pressure on the Down the Hole Drilling Velocity for Borehole Heat Exchanger Installation," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(11), pages 1-18, May.
    4. Joanna Piotrowska-Woroniak & Tomasz Szul & Grzegorz Woroniak, 2023. "Application of a Model Based on Rough Set Theory (RST) for Estimating the Temperature of Brine from Vertical Ground Heat Exchangers (VGHE) Operated with a Heat Pump—A Case Study," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(20), pages 1-12, October.
    5. Aminhossein Jahanbin & Giovanni Semprini & Andrea Natale Impiombato & Cesare Biserni & Eugenia Rossi di Schio, 2020. "Effects of the Circuit Arrangement on the Thermal Performance of Double U-Tube Ground Heat Exchangers," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(12), pages 1-19, June.
    6. Javadi, Hossein & Mousavi Ajarostaghi, Seyed Soheil & Rosen, Marc A. & Pourfallah, Mohsen, 2019. "Performance of ground heat exchangers: A comprehensive review of recent advances," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 178(C), pages 207-233.
    7. Tomislav Kurevija & Adib Kalantar & Marija Macenić & Josipa Hranić, 2019. "Investigation of Steady-State Heat Extraction Rates for Different Borehole Heat Exchanger Configurations from the Aspect of Implementation of New TurboCollector™ Pipe System Design," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(8), pages 1-17, April.
    8. Tangnur Amanzholov & Abzal Seitov & Abdurashid Aliuly & Yelnar Yerdesh & Mohanraj Murugesan & Olivier Botella & Michel Feidt & Hua Sheng Wang & Yerzhan Belyayev & Amankeldy Toleukhanov, 2022. "Thermal Response Measurement and Performance Evaluation of Borehole Heat Exchangers: A Case Study in Kazakhstan," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(22), pages 1-31, November.
    9. Davide Menegazzo & Giulia Lombardo & Sergio Bobbo & Michele De Carli & Laura Fedele, 2022. "State of the Art, Perspective and Obstacles of Ground-Source Heat Pump Technology in the European Building Sector: A Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(7), pages 1-25, April.
    10. Alessandro Franco & Paolo Conti, 2020. "Clearing a Path for Ground Heat Exchange Systems: A Review on Thermal Response Test (TRT) Methods and a Geotechnical Routine Test for Estimating Soil Thermal Properties," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(11), pages 1-21, June.
    11. Aneta Sapińska-Sliwa & Marc A. Rosen & Andrzej Gonet & Joanna Kowalczyk & Tomasz Sliwa, 2019. "A New Method Based on Thermal Response Tests for Determining Effective Thermal Conductivity and Borehole Resistivity for Borehole Heat Exchangers," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(6), pages 1-22, March.
    12. Adel Eswiasi & Phalguni Mukhopadhyaya, 2021. "Performance of Conventional and Innovative Single U-Tube Pipe Configuration in Vertical Ground Heat Exchanger (VGHE)," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(11), pages 1-15, June.
    13. Ana Vieira & Maria Alberdi-Pagola & Paul Christodoulides & Saqib Javed & Fleur Loveridge & Frederic Nguyen & Francesco Cecinato & João Maranha & Georgios Florides & Iulia Prodan & Gust Van Lysebetten , 2017. "Characterisation of Ground Thermal and Thermo-Mechanical Behaviour for Shallow Geothermal Energy Applications," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(12), pages 1-51, December.
    14. Borja Badenes & Miguel Ángel Mateo Pla & Teresa Magraner & Javier Soriano & Javier F. Urchueguía, 2020. "Theoretical and Experimental Cost–Benefit Assessment of Borehole Heat Exchangers (BHEs) According to Working Fluid Flow Rate," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(18), pages 1-29, September.
    15. Tomasz Sliwa & Tomasz Kowalski & Dominik Cekus & Aneta Sapińska-Śliwa, 2021. "Research on Fresh and Hardened Sealing Slurries with the Addition of Magnesium Regarding Thermal Conductivity for Energy Piles and Borehole Heat Exchangers," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(16), pages 1-13, August.
    16. Oliver Suft & David Bertermann, 2022. "One-Year Monitoring of a Ground Heat Exchanger Using the In Situ Thermal Response Test: An Experimental Approach on Climatic Effects," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(24), pages 1-15, December.
    17. Aminhossein Jahanbin & Claudia Naldi & Enzo Zanchini, 2020. "Relation Between Mean Fluid Temperature and Outlet Temperature for Single U-Tube Boreholes," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(4), pages 1-23, February.
    18. Hans Schwarz & Borja Badenes & Jan Wagner & José Manuel Cuevas & Javier Urchueguía & David Bertermann, 2021. "A Case Study of Thermal Evolution in the Vicinity of Geothermal Probes Following a Distributed TRT Method," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(9), pages 1-17, May.
    19. Joanna Piotrowska-Woroniak & Krzysztof Nęcka & Tomasz Szul & Stanisław Lis, 2024. "Comparative Analysis of Methods for Predicting Brine Temperature in Vertical Ground Heat Exchanger—A Case Study," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(6), pages 1-13, March.
    20. Paul Christodoulides & Ana Vieira & Stanislav Lenart & João Maranha & Gregor Vidmar & Rumen Popov & Aleksandar Georgiev & Lazaros Aresti & Georgios Florides, 2020. "Reviewing the Modeling Aspects and Practices of Shallow Geothermal Energy Systems," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(16), pages 1-45, August.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:14:y:2021:i:9:p:2512-:d:544727. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.