IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jeners/v13y2020i24p6709-d465042.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Impact of Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) Fuel Systems in Small Engine Wood Chippers on Exhaust Emissions and Fuel Consumption

Author

Listed:
  • Łukasz Warguła

    (Institute of Machine Design, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3, PL-60965 Poznan, Poland)

  • Mateusz Kukla

    (Institute of Machine Design, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3, PL-60965 Poznan, Poland)

  • Piotr Lijewski

    (Institute of Internal Combustion Engines and Drives, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Transport, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3, PL-60965 Poznan, Poland)

  • Michał Dobrzyński

    (Institute of Internal Combustion Engines and Drives, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Transport, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3, PL-60965 Poznan, Poland)

  • Filip Markiewicz

    (Institute of Internal Combustion Engines and Drives, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Transport, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3, PL-60965 Poznan, Poland)

Abstract

The projected increase in the availability of gaseous fuels by growing popularity of household natural gas (NG) filling stations and the increase in the production of gaseous biogas-derived fuels is conducive to an increase in the use of NG fuel. Currently, natural gas in various forms (compressed natural gas (CNG), liquefied natural gas (LNG)) is popular in maritime, rail and road transport. A new direction of natural gas application may be non-road mobile machines powered by a small spark-ignition engine (SI). The use of these engines in the wood chippers can cause the reduction of machine costs and emissions of harmful exhaust gases. In addition, plant material chippers intended for composting in bio-gas plants can be driven by the gas they are used to produce. The biogas can be purified to bio-methane to meet natural gas quality standards. The article presents the design of the natural gas supply system, which is an upgrade of the Lifan GX 390 combustion engine spark ignition engine (Four-stroke, OHV (over head valve) with a maximum power of 9.56 kW), which is a common representative of small gasoline engines. The engine is mounted in a cylindrical chipper designed for shredding branches with a maximum diameter of up to 100 mm, which is a typical machine used for cleaning work in urban areas. The engine powered by CNG and traditionally gasoline has been tested in real working conditions, when shredding cherry plum ( Prunus cerasifera Ehrh. Beitr. Naturk. 4:17. 1789 (Gartenkalender4:189–204. 1784)). Their diameter was ca. 80 mm, 3-metere-long, and humidity content ca. 25%. The systems were tested under the same actual operating conditions, the average power generated by the drives during shredding is about 0.69 kW. Based on the recorded results, it was found that the CNG-fuelled engine was characterized by nitrogen oxides (NO x ) emissions higher by 45%. The other effects of CNG were a reduction in carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbon (HC) emissions of about 81%, 26% and 57%, respectively. Additionally, the use of CNG reduced fuel consumption by 31% and hourly estimated machine operating costs resulting from fuel costs by 53% (for average fuel price in Poland: gasoline: 0.99 EUR/L and CNG: 0.71 EUR/m 3 on 08 November 2020). The modernization performed by the authors ensured the work of the drive unit during shredding, closer to the value of stoichiometric mixtures. The average (AVG) value of the air fuel ratio (AFR) for CNG was enriched by 1.2% (AVG AFR was 17), while for the gasoline engine the mixture was more enriched by 4.8% (AVG AFR was 14). The operation of spark-ignition (SI) combustion engines is most advantageous when burning stoichiometric mixtures due to the cooperation with exhaust aftertreatment systems (e.g., three-function catalytic converter). A system powered by CNG may be beneficial in systems adapting to operating conditions, used in low-power shredding machines, whose problem is increased HC emissions, and CNG combustion may reduce them. The developed system does not exceed the emission standards applicable in the European Union. For CO emissions expressed in g/kWh, it was about 95% lower than the permissible value, and HC + NO x emissions were 85% lower. This suggests that the use of the fuel in question may contribute to tightening up the permissible emission regulations for non-road machinery.

Suggested Citation

  • Łukasz Warguła & Mateusz Kukla & Piotr Lijewski & Michał Dobrzyński & Filip Markiewicz, 2020. "Impact of Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) Fuel Systems in Small Engine Wood Chippers on Exhaust Emissions and Fuel Consumption," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(24), pages 1-21, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:13:y:2020:i:24:p:6709-:d:465042
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/13/24/6709/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/13/24/6709/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Adam Wąs & Piotr Sulewski & Vitaliy Krupin & Nazariy Popadynets & Agata Malak-Rawlikowska & Magdalena Szymańska & Iryna Skorokhod & Marcin Wysokiński, 2020. "The Potential of Agricultural Biogas Production in Ukraine—Impact on GHG Emissions and Energy Production," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(21), pages 1-20, November.
    2. Pardon Nyamukamba & Patrick Mukumba & Evernice Shelter Chikukwa & Golden Makaka, 2020. "Biogas Upgrading Approaches with Special Focus on Siloxane Removal—A Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(22), pages 1-17, November.
    3. Józef Ciuła & Violetta Kozik & Agnieszka Generowicz & Krzysztof Gaska & Andrzej Bak & Marlena Paździor & Krzysztof Barbusiński, 2020. "Emission and Neutralization of Methane from a Municipal Landfill-Parametric Analysis," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(23), pages 1-18, November.
    4. Alberto Benato & Alarico Macor, 2019. "Italian Biogas Plants: Trend, Subsidies, Cost, Biogas Composition and Engine Emissions," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(6), pages 1-31, March.
    5. Łukasz Warguła & Mateusz Kukla & Piotr Krawiec & Bartosz Wieczorek, 2020. "Reduction in Operating Costs and Environmental Impact Consisting in the Modernization of the Low-Power Cylindrical Wood Chipper Power Unit by Using Alternative Fuel," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(11), pages 1-16, June.
    6. Szymon Kuczyński & Mariusz Łaciak & Adam Szurlej & Tomasz Włodek, 2020. "Impact of Liquefied Natural Gas Composition Changes on Methane Number as a Fuel Quality Requirement," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(19), pages 1-21, September.
    7. Alarico Macor & Alberto Benato, 2020. "Regulated Emissions of Biogas Engines—On Site Experimental Measurements and Damage Assessment on Human Health," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(5), pages 1-38, February.
    8. Marlena Owczuk & Anna Matuszewska & Stanisław Kruczyński & Wojciech Kamela, 2019. "Evaluation of Using Biogas to Supply the Dual Fuel Diesel Engine of an Agricultural Tractor," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(6), pages 1-12, March.
    9. Gabriel D. Oreggioni & Baboo Lesh Gowreesunker & Savvas A. Tassou & Giuseppe Bianchi & Matthew Reilly & Marie E. Kirby & Trisha A. Toop & Mike K. Theodorou, 2017. "Potential for Energy Production from Farm Wastes Using Anaerobic Digestion in the UK: An Economic Comparison of Different Size Plants," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(9), pages 1-16, September.
    10. Łukasz Warguła & Mateusz Kukla & Piotr Lijewski & Michał Dobrzyński & Filip Markiewicz, 2020. "Influence of the Use of Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) Systems in Woodchippers Powered by Small Engines on Exhaust Emissions and Operating Costs," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(21), pages 1-17, November.
    11. Salman Abdu Ahmed & Song Zhou & Yuanqing Zhu & Asfaw Solomon Tsegay & Yoming Feng & Naseem Ahmad & Adil Malik, 2020. "Effects of Pig Manure and Corn Straw Generated Biogas and Methane Enriched Biogas on Performance and Emission Characteristics of Dual Fuel Diesel Engines," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(4), pages 1-23, February.
    12. Mustansar Hayat Saggu & Nadeem Ahmed Sheikh & Usama Muhamad Niazi & Muhammad Irfan & Adam Glowacz & Stanislaw Legutko, 2020. "Improved Analysis on the Fin Reliability of a Plate Fin Heat Exchanger for Usage in LNG Applications," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(14), pages 1-16, July.
    13. Iris Kral & Gerhard Piringer & Molly K. Saylor & Javier Lizasoain & Andreas Gronauer & Alexander Bauer, 2020. "Life Cycle Assessment of Biogas Production from Unused Grassland Biomass Pretreated by Steam Explosion Using a System Expansion Method," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(23), pages 1-17, November.
    14. Elizabeth Lindstad & Gunnar S. Eskeland & Agathe Rialland & Anders Valland, 2020. "Decarbonizing Maritime Transport: The Importance of Engine Technology and Regulations for LNG to Serve as a Transition Fuel," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(21), pages 1-21, October.
    15. Tomasz Banaszkiewicz & Maciej Chorowski & Wojciech Gizicki & Artur Jedrusyna & Jakub Kielar & Ziemowit Malecha & Agnieszka Piotrowska & Jaroslaw Polinski & Zbigniew Rogala & Korneliusz Sierpowski & Ja, 2020. "Liquefied Natural Gas in Mobile Applications—Opportunities and Challenges," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(21), pages 1-35, October.
    16. Agnieszka Urbanowska & Izabela Polowczyk & Małgorzata Kabsch-Korbutowicz & Przemysław Seruga, 2020. "Characteristics of Changes in Particle Size and Zeta Potential of the Digestate Fraction from the Municipal Waste Biogas Plant Treated with the Use of Chemical Coagulation/Precipitation Processes," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(22), pages 1-12, November.
    17. Łukasz Warguła & Mateusz Kukla & Piotr Lijewski & Michał Dobrzyński & Filip Markiewicz, 2020. "Influence of Innovative Woodchipper Speed Control Systems on Exhaust Gas Emissions and Fuel Consumption in Urban Areas," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(13), pages 1-22, June.
    18. Xunmin Ou & Xiliang Zhang & Xu Zhang & Qian Zhang, 2013. "Life Cycle GHG of NG-Based Fuel and Electric Vehicle in China," Energies, MDPI, vol. 6(5), pages 1-19, May.
    19. Szymon Kuczyński & Krystian Liszka & Mariusz Łaciak & Andrzej Olijnyk & Adam Szurlej, 2019. "Experimental Investigations and Operational Performance Analysis on Compressed Natural Gas Home Refueling System (CNG-HRS)," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(23), pages 1-15, November.
    20. Bum Youl Park & Ki-Hyung Lee & Jungsoo Park, 2020. "Conceptual Approach on Feasible Hydrogen Contents for Retrofit of CNG to HCNG under Heavy-Duty Spark Ignition Engine at Low-to-Middle Speed Ranges," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(15), pages 1-16, July.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Michalina Kamińska & Łukasz Rymaniak & Piotr Lijewski & Natalia Szymlet & Paweł Daszkiewicz & Rafał Grzeszczyk, 2021. "Investigations of Exhaust Emissions from Rail Machinery during Track Maintenance Operations," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(11), pages 1-12, May.
    2. Beáta Stehlíková & Katarína Čulková & Marcela Taušová & Ľubomír Štrba & Eva Mihaliková, 2021. "Evaluation of Communal Waste in Slovakia from the View of Chosen Economic Indicators," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(16), pages 1-22, August.
    3. Andrzej Ziółkowski & Paweł Fuć & Aleks Jagielski & Maciej Bednarek, 2022. "Analysis of Emissions and Fuel Consumption in Freight Transport," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(13), pages 1-14, June.
    4. Mirosław Karczewski & Marcin Wieczorek, 2021. "Assessment of the Impact of Applying a Non-Factory Dual-Fuel (Diesel/Natural Gas) Installation on the Traction Properties and Emissions of Selected Exhaust Components of a Road Semi-Trailer Truck Unit," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(23), pages 1-27, November.
    5. Piotr Kaczmarzyk & Łukasz Warguła & Paweł Janik & Piotr Krawiec, 2022. "Influence of Measurement Methodologies for the Volumetric Air Flow Rate of Mobile Positive Pressure Fans on Drive Unit Performance," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(11), pages 1-12, May.
    6. Łukasz Rymaniak & Michalina Kamińska & Natalia Szymlet & Rafał Grzeszczyk, 2021. "Analysis of Harmful Exhaust Gas Concentrations in Cloud behind a Vehicle with a Spark Ignition Engine," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(6), pages 1-16, March.
    7. S. M. Ashrafur Rahman & I. M. Rizwanul Fattah & Hwai Chyuan Ong & Fajle Rabbi Ashik & Mohammad Mahmudul Hassan & Md Tausif Murshed & Md Ashraful Imran & Md Hamidur Rahman & Md Akibur Rahman & Mohammad, 2021. "State-of-the-Art of Establishing Test Procedures for Real Driving Gaseous Emissions from Light- and Heavy-Duty Vehicles," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(14), pages 1-32, July.
    8. Łukasz Warguła & Piotr Kaczmarzyk & Piotr Lijewski & Paweł Fuć & Filip Markiewicz & Daniel Małozięć & Bartosz Wieczorek, 2023. "Effect of the Volumetric Flow Rate Measurement Methodology of Positive Pressure Ventilators on the Parameters of the Drive Unit," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(11), pages 1-13, June.
    9. Andrzej Ziółkowski & Paweł Fuć & Piotr Lijewski & Aleks Jagielski & Maciej Bednarek & Władysław Kusiak, 2022. "Analysis of Exhaust Emissions from Heavy-Duty Vehicles on Different Applications," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(21), pages 1-21, October.
    10. Mirosław Bajda & Monika Hardygóra, 2021. "Analysis of the Influence of the Type of Belt on the Energy Consumption of Transport Processes in a Belt Conveyor," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(19), pages 1-17, September.
    11. Warguła, Łukasz & Kukla, Mateusz & Wieczorek, Bartosz & Krawiec, Piotr, 2022. "Energy consumption of the wood size reduction processes with employment of a low-power machines with various cutting mechanisms," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 181(C), pages 630-639.
    12. Norbert Zsiga & Johannes Ritzmann & Patrik Soltic, 2021. "Practical Aspects of Cylinder Deactivation and Reactivation," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(9), pages 1-20, April.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Beáta Stehlíková & Katarína Čulková & Marcela Taušová & Ľubomír Štrba & Eva Mihaliková, 2021. "Evaluation of Communal Waste in Slovakia from the View of Chosen Economic Indicators," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(16), pages 1-22, August.
    2. Warguła, Łukasz & Kukla, Mateusz & Wieczorek, Bartosz & Krawiec, Piotr, 2022. "Energy consumption of the wood size reduction processes with employment of a low-power machines with various cutting mechanisms," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 181(C), pages 630-639.
    3. Alberto Benato & Chiara D’Alpaos & Alarico Macor, 2022. "Possible Ways of Extending the Biogas Plants Lifespan after the Feed-In Tariff Expiration," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(21), pages 1-23, October.
    4. Tilocca, Giuseppe & Sánchez, David & Torres-García, Miguel, 2023. "Application of the theory of constraints to unveil the root causes of the limited market penetration of micro gas turbine systems," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 278(C).
    5. Łukasz Warguła & Mateusz Kukla & Piotr Lijewski & Michał Dobrzyński & Filip Markiewicz, 2020. "Influence of the Use of Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) Systems in Woodchippers Powered by Small Engines on Exhaust Emissions and Operating Costs," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(21), pages 1-17, November.
    6. Zbigniew Rogala & Michał Stanclik & Dariusz Łuszkiewicz & Ziemowit Malecha, 2023. "Perspectives for the Use of Biogas and Biomethane in the Context of the Green Energy Transformation on the Example of an EU Country," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(4), pages 1-11, February.
    7. Alberto Benato & Alarico Macor, 2021. "Costs to Reduce the Human Health Toxicity of Biogas Engine Emissions," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(19), pages 1-17, October.
    8. Łukasz Warguła & Mateusz Kukla & Piotr Lijewski & Michał Dobrzyński & Filip Markiewicz, 2020. "Influence of Innovative Woodchipper Speed Control Systems on Exhaust Gas Emissions and Fuel Consumption in Urban Areas," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(13), pages 1-22, June.
    9. Achinas, Spyridon & Willem Euverink, Gerrit Jan, 2020. "Rambling facets of manure-based biogas production in Europe: A briefing," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 119(C).
    10. Ao Zhou & Hui Jin & Wenhan Cao & Ming Pang & Yangyang Li & Chao Zhu, 2022. "Influence of Pilot Injection on Combustion Characteristic of Methanol–Diesel Dual-Fuel Engine," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(10), pages 1-14, May.
    11. S. M. Ashrafur Rahman & I. M. Rizwanul Fattah & Hwai Chyuan Ong & Fajle Rabbi Ashik & Mohammad Mahmudul Hassan & Md Tausif Murshed & Md Ashraful Imran & Md Hamidur Rahman & Md Akibur Rahman & Mohammad, 2021. "State-of-the-Art of Establishing Test Procedures for Real Driving Gaseous Emissions from Light- and Heavy-Duty Vehicles," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(14), pages 1-32, July.
    12. Salman Abdu Ahmed & Song Zhou & Yuanqing Zhu & Asfaw Solomon Tsegay & Yoming Feng & Naseem Ahmad & Adil Malik, 2020. "Effects of Pig Manure and Corn Straw Generated Biogas and Methane Enriched Biogas on Performance and Emission Characteristics of Dual Fuel Diesel Engines," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(4), pages 1-23, February.
    13. Libo Zhang & Qian Du & Dequn Zhou, 2021. "Grid Parity Analysis of China’s Centralized Photovoltaic Generation under Multiple Uncertainties," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(7), pages 1-19, March.
    14. Shangfeng Han & Baosheng Zhang & Xiaoyang Sun & Song Han & Mikael Höök, 2017. "China’s Energy Transition in the Power and Transport Sectors from a Substitution Perspective," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(5), pages 1-25, April.
    15. Song, Hongqing & Ou, Xunmin & Yuan, Jiehui & Yu, Mingxu & Wang, Cheng, 2017. "Energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions of diesel/LNG heavy-duty vehicle fleets in China based on a bottom-up model analysis," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 140(P1), pages 966-978.
    16. Adam Wąs & Piotr Sulewski & Nataliia Gerasymchuk & Ludmila Stepasyuk & Vitaliy Krupin & Zoia Titenko & Kinga Pogodzińska, 2022. "The Potential of Ukrainian Agriculture’s Biomass to Generate Renewable Energy in the Context of Climate and Political Challenges—The Case of the Kyiv Region," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(18), pages 1-16, September.
    17. Ekaterina S. Titova, 2019. "Biofuel Application as a Factor of Sustainable Development Ensuring: The Case of Russia," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(20), pages 1-30, October.
    18. Valerii Havrysh & Antonina Kalinichenko & Grzegorz Mentel & Tadeusz Olejarz, 2020. "Commercial Biogas Plants: Lessons for Ukraine," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(10), pages 1-24, May.
    19. Huilu Yu & Youning Yan & Suocheng Dong, 2019. "A System Dynamics Model to Assess the Effectiveness of Governmental Support Policies for Renewable Electricity," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(12), pages 1-27, June.
    20. Anna Gronba-Chyła & Agnieszka Generowicz & Paweł Kwaśnicki & Dawid Cycoń & Justyna Kwaśny & Katarzyna Grąz & Krzysztof Gaska & Józef Ciuła, 2022. "Determining the Effectiveness of Street Cleaning with the Use of Decision Analysis and Research on the Reduction in Chloride in Waste," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(10), pages 1-11, May.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:13:y:2020:i:24:p:6709-:d:465042. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.