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Demand for Money in the United States: Stability and Forward-Looking Tests

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  • Amir Kia

    (Finance and Economics Department, Utah Valley University, Orem, UT 84058-5999, USA)

Abstract

This study shows that demand for money is a function not only of interest rate, real exchange rate, and personal consumption but also of fiscal variables like deficit, debt, and foreign-financed debt. It is stable over the short and long run. This study also covers the investigation of policy invariance of money demand, an important issue ignored so far in the existing literature on the demand for money in the United States. It was found that the behavior of agents in the money market changes as the real exchange rate, consumption, and interest rate change. Namely, agents in the money market are forward-looking, and their expectations are formed rationally. This also means that even though the parameters of money demand are stable, according to the stability test results, they can be unstable, as agents adapt their behavior based on any change in the exchange rate, consumption, and/or interest rate. In other words, the contemporaneous real exchange and interest rate variables are not superexogenous in demand for M1, and the contemporaneous consumption is not superexogenous in demand for M2.

Suggested Citation

  • Amir Kia, 2024. "Demand for Money in the United States: Stability and Forward-Looking Tests," Economies, MDPI, vol. 12(2), pages 1-18, February.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jecomi:v:12:y:2024:i:2:p:49-:d:1339593
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    2. Matteo Mogliani & Giovanni Urga, 2018. "On the Instability of Long‐Run Money Demand and the Welfare Cost of Inflation in the United States," Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, Blackwell Publishing, vol. 50(7), pages 1645-1660, October.
    3. Kia, Amir, 2013. "Determinants of the real exchange rate in a small open economy: Evidence from Canada," Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, Elsevier, vol. 23(C), pages 163-178.
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    5. Amir Kia, 2020. "Impact of Public Debt, Deficit and Debt Financing on Private Investment in a Large Country: Evidence from the United States," World Journal of Applied Economics, WERI-World Economic Research Institute, vol. 6(2), pages 139-161, December.
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    10. Johansen, Søren, 2000. "A Bartlett Correction Factor For Tests On The Cointegrating Relations," Econometric Theory, Cambridge University Press, vol. 16(5), pages 740-778, October.
    11. Johansen, S., 2000. "A Small Sample Correction of the Test for Cointegrating Rank in the Vector Autoregressive Model," Economics Working Papers eco2000/15, European University Institute.
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    14. Amir Kia & Ali F. Darrat, 2003. "Modeling Money Demand under the Profit-Sharing Banking Scheme: Evidence on Policy Invariance and Long-Run Stability," Carleton Economic Papers 03-13, Carleton University, Department of Economics, revised Apr 2007.
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