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Does personal freedom influence outbound tourism?

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  • Gholipour, Hassan Fereidouni
  • Tajaddini, Reza
  • Al-mulali, Usama

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of personal freedom in a country on outbound tourism after controlling for other relevant outbound tourism determinants. Using a panel of 80 countries over a period of 13 years (1999–2011) and applying panel fixed-effects and generalized method of moments (GMM) techniques, our results reveal that a lower level of personal freedom in a country increases outbound tourism. These results are more robust for developing countries.

Suggested Citation

  • Gholipour, Hassan Fereidouni & Tajaddini, Reza & Al-mulali, Usama, 2014. "Does personal freedom influence outbound tourism?," Tourism Management, Elsevier, vol. 41(C), pages 19-25.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:touman:v:41:y:2014:i:c:p:19-25
    DOI: 10.1016/j.tourman.2013.08.010
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    Cited by:

    1. Reza Tajaddini & Hassan F. Gholipour, 2018. "Control of Corruption and Luxury Goods Consumption," Kyklos, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 71(4), pages 613-641, November.
    2. Hassan F Gholipour & Reza Tajaddini & Usama Al-mulali, 2022. "Dutch Disease phenomenon and demand for international business travels: Panel ARDL/PMG estimation," Tourism Economics, , vol. 28(5), pages 1401-1415, August.
    3. Dongling Sun & Yang Zhou & Qamar Ali & Muhammad Tariq Iqbal Khan, 2025. "The role of digitalization, infrastructure, and economic stability in tourism growth: A pathway towards smart tourism destinations," Natural Resources Forum, Blackwell Publishing, vol. 49(2), pages 1308-1329, May.
    4. Santhiya Ramasamy & Karpal S. Dara Singh & Azlan Amran & Mehran Nejati, 2020. "Linking human values to consumer CSR perception: The moderating role of consumer skepticism," Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 27(4), pages 1958-1971, July.
    5. Sudeshna Ghosh, 2021. "Business Confidence and Business Tourism in Japan," Journal of International Commerce, Economics and Policy (JICEP), World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., vol. 12(01), pages 1-23, February.
    6. Ender Demir & Giray Gozgor & Sudharshan Reddy Paramati, 2019. "Do geopolitical risks matter for inbound tourism?," Eurasian Business Review, Springer;Eurasia Business and Economics Society, vol. 9(2), pages 183-191, June.
    7. Sangwon Lee & Soomin Joo & Jinyoung Park & Yoonjae Nam, 2022. "ICT Infrastructure, OTT Market Growth, Economic Freedom, and International Tourism: A Cross-Country Empirical Study," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(19), pages 1-12, September.
    8. Olya, Hossein GT & Mehran, Javaneh, 2017. "Modelling tourism expenditure using complexity theory," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 75(C), pages 147-158.
    9. Herman Suzana, 2023. "Dynamic Common Correlated Effects of Geopolitical Risk on International Tourism Arrivals," Folia Oeconomica Stetinensia, Sciendo, vol. 23(2), pages 132-149, December.
    10. Canh Phuc Nguyen & Christophe Schinckus & Thanh Dinh Su, 2020. "Economic policy uncertainty and demand for international tourism: An empirical study," Tourism Economics, , vol. 26(8), pages 1415-1430, December.
    11. Umit Bulut & Emrah Kocak & Courtney Suess, 2020. "The effect of freedom on international tourism demand: Empirical evidence from the top eight most visited countries," Tourism Economics, , vol. 26(8), pages 1358-1373, December.
    12. Hassan F. Gholipour & Behzad Foroughi, 2020. "Corruption and outbound business travels," Tourism Economics, , vol. 26(7), pages 1266-1281, November.
    13. Demir, Ender & Gozgor, Giray, 2018. "Does economic policy uncertainty affect Tourism?," Annals of Tourism Research, Elsevier, vol. 69(C), pages 15-17.

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