IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/reveco/v45y2016icp438-452.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Price discovery in the S&P 500 index derivatives markets

Author

Listed:
  • Chen, Wei-Peng
  • Chung, Huimin
  • Lien, Donald

Abstract

This study sets out to examine the dynamics of price discovery between the S&P 500 index and its derivative products: the index futures, the index options, the S&P 500 exchange-traded funds (SPDRs), and the SPDR options. Empirical results reveal that overall the contribution of SPDRs to price discovery exceeds the contribution of E-mini index futures except in the high volatility period. However, E-mini index futures contribute higher information share than SPDRs in the high volatility sub-period, indicating that E-mini index futures play an important role on hedge strategies. The results are associated with (i) increasing institutional ownership in SPDRs and (ii) the rapid growth of algorithmic trading (AT) and high-frequency trading (HFT) by institutional investors.

Suggested Citation

  • Chen, Wei-Peng & Chung, Huimin & Lien, Donald, 2016. "Price discovery in the S&P 500 index derivatives markets," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 45(C), pages 438-452.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:reveco:v:45:y:2016:i:c:p:438-452
    DOI: 10.1016/j.iref.2016.07.008
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1059056016300624
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.iref.2016.07.008?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. George H. K. Wang & Raphael J. Michalski & James V. Jordan & Eugene J. Moriarty, 1994. "An intraday analysis of Bid‐Ask spreads and price volatility in the S&P 500 index futures market," Journal of Futures Markets, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 14(7), pages 837-859, October.
    2. Chakravarty, Sugato, 2001. "Stealth-trading: Which traders' trades move stock prices?," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 61(2), pages 289-307, August.
    3. Chen, Yu-Lun & Gau, Yin-Feng, 2010. "News announcements and price discovery in foreign exchange spot and futures markets," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 34(7), pages 1628-1636, July.
    4. Chordia, Tarun & Roll, Richard & Subrahmanyam, Avanidhar, 2011. "Recent trends in trading activity and market quality," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 101(2), pages 243-263, August.
    5. Reginald D. Smith, 2010. "Is high-frequency trading inducing changes in market microstructure and dynamics?," Papers 1006.5490, arXiv.org, revised Sep 2010.
    6. Chakravarty, Sugato & Panchapagesan, Venkatesh & Wood, Robert A., 2005. "Did decimalization hurt institutional investors?," Journal of Financial Markets, Elsevier, vol. 8(4), pages 400-420, November.
    7. Fricke, Christoph & Menkhoff, Lukas, 2011. "Does the "Bund" dominate price discovery in Euro bond futures? Examining information shares," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 35(5), pages 1057-1072, May.
    8. de Jong, Frank, 2002. "Measures of contributions to price discovery: a comparison," Journal of Financial Markets, Elsevier, vol. 5(3), pages 323-327, July.
    9. Aysegul Ates & George H. K. Wang, 2005. "Information transmission in electronic versus open‐outcry trading systems: An analysis of U.S. equity index futures markets," Journal of Futures Markets, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 25(7), pages 679-715, July.
    10. Chiu, Junmao & Chung, Huimin & Ho, Keng-Yu & Wang, George H.K., 2012. "Funding liquidity and equity liquidity in the subprime crisis period: Evidence from the ETF market," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 36(9), pages 2660-2671.
    11. Markus K. Brunnermeier & Lasse Heje Pedersen, 2009. "Market Liquidity and Funding Liquidity," The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 22(6), pages 2201-2238, June.
    12. O'Hara, Maureen & Ye, Mao, 2011. "Is market fragmentation harming market quality?," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 100(3), pages 459-474, June.
    13. deB. Harris, Frederick H. & McInish, Thomas H. & Wood, Robert A., 2002. "Security price adjustment across exchanges: an investigation of common factor components for Dow stocks," Journal of Financial Markets, Elsevier, vol. 5(3), pages 277-308, July.
    14. G. Geoffrey Booth & Raymond W. So & Yiuman Tse, 1999. "Price discovery in the German equity index derivatives markets," Journal of Futures Markets, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 19(6), pages 619-643, September.
    15. Kurov, Alexander & Lasser, Dennis J., 2004. "Price Dynamics in the Regular and E-Mini Futures Markets," Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, Cambridge University Press, vol. 39(2), pages 365-384, June.
    16. Yiuman Tse & Paramita Bandyopadhyay & Yang‐Pin Shen, 2006. "Intraday Price Discovery in the DJIA Index Markets," Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 33(9‐10), pages 1572-1585, November.
    17. Engle, Robert & Granger, Clive, 2015. "Co-integration and error correction: Representation, estimation, and testing," Applied Econometrics, Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration (RANEPA), vol. 39(3), pages 106-135.
    18. Carrion, Allen, 2013. "Very fast money: High-frequency trading on the NASDAQ," Journal of Financial Markets, Elsevier, vol. 16(4), pages 680-711.
    19. Maureen O'Hara & Chen Yao & Mao Ye, 2014. "What's Not There: Odd Lots and Market Data," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 69(5), pages 2199-2236, October.
    20. Gonzalo, Jesus & Granger, Clive W J, 1995. "Estimation of Common Long-Memory Components in Cointegrated Systems," Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, American Statistical Association, vol. 13(1), pages 27-35, January.
    21. Andersen, Torben G. & Bollerslev, Tim & Diebold, Francis X. & Ebens, Heiko, 2001. "The distribution of realized stock return volatility," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 61(1), pages 43-76, July.
    22. Terrence Hendershott & Charles M. Jones, 2005. "Island Goes Dark: Transparency, Fragmentation, and Regulation," The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 18(3), pages 743-793.
    23. Yiuman Tse & Grigori Erenburg, 2003. "Competition For Order Flow, Market Quality, And Price Discovery In The Nasdaq 100 Index Tracking Stock," Journal of Financial Research, Southern Finance Association;Southwestern Finance Association, vol. 26(3), pages 301-318, September.
    24. Alexander Kurov & Tatyana Zabotina, 2005. "Is it time to reduce the minimum tick sizes of the E‐mini futures?," Journal of Futures Markets, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 25(1), pages 79-104, January.
    25. Newey, Whitney & West, Kenneth, 2014. "A simple, positive semi-definite, heteroscedasticity and autocorrelation consistent covariance matrix," Applied Econometrics, Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration (RANEPA), vol. 33(1), pages 125-132.
    26. George M. Constantinides & Jens Carsten Jackwerth & Stylianos Perrakis, 2009. "Mispricing of S&P 500 Index Options," The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 22(3), pages 1247-1277.
    27. Kawaller, Ira G & Koch, Paul D & Koch, Timothy W, 1987. "The Temporal Price Relationship between S&P 500 Futures and the S and P 500 Index," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 42(5), pages 1309-1329, December.
    28. Donald Lien & Keshab Shrestha, 2009. "A new information share measure," Journal of Futures Markets, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 29(4), pages 377-395, April.
    29. Harris, Frederick H. deB. & McInish, Thomas H. & Wood, Robert A., 2002. "Common factor components versus information shares: a reply," Journal of Financial Markets, Elsevier, vol. 5(3), pages 341-348, July.
    30. Lee, Jason & Yi, Cheong H., 2001. "Trade Size and Information-Motivated Trading in the Options and Stock Markets," Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, Cambridge University Press, vol. 36(4), pages 485-501, December.
    31. Jeff Fleming & Barbara Ostdiek & Robert E. Whaley, 1996. "Trading costs and the relative rates of price discovery in stock, futures, and option markets," Journal of Futures Markets, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 16(4), pages 353-387, June.
    32. Kee H. Chung & Chairat Chuwonganant, 2012. "Regulation NMS and Market Quality," Financial Management, Financial Management Association International, vol. 41(2), pages 285-317, June.
    33. Ekkehart Boehmer & Eric K. Kelley, 2009. "Institutional Investors and the Informational Efficiency of Prices," The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 22(9), pages 3563-3594, September.
    34. Kenneth R. French, 2008. "Presidential Address: The Cost of Active Investing," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 63(4), pages 1537-1573, August.
    35. Gonzalo, Jesus & Ng, Serena, 2001. "A systematic framework for analyzing the dynamic effects of permanent and transitory shocks," Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, Elsevier, vol. 25(10), pages 1527-1546, October.
    36. Jackwerth, Jens Carsten, 2000. "Recovering Risk Aversion from Option Prices and Realized Returns," The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 13(2), pages 433-451.
    37. Hendershott, Terrence & Riordan, Ryan, 2013. "Algorithmic Trading and the Market for Liquidity," Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, Cambridge University Press, vol. 48(4), pages 1001-1024, August.
    38. Ait-Sahalia, Yacine & Wang, Yubo & Yared, Francis, 2001. "Do option markets correctly price the probabilities of movement of the underlying asset?," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 102(1), pages 67-110, May.
    39. Muravyev, Dmitriy & Pearson, Neil D. & Paul Broussard, John, 2013. "Is there price discovery in equity options?," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 107(2), pages 259-283.
    40. repec:bla:jfinan:v:59:y:2004:i:3:p:1235-1258 is not listed on IDEAS
    41. Wei‐Peng Chen & Huimin Chung, 2012. "Has the introduction of S&P 500 ETF options LED to improvements in price discovery of SPDRs?," Journal of Futures Markets, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 32(7), pages 683-711, July.
    42. Frank De Jong & Monique W. M. Donders, 1998. "Intraday Lead-Lag Relationships Between the Futures-, Options and Stock Market," Review of Finance, European Finance Association, vol. 1(3), pages 337-359.
    43. Hendershott, Terrence & Jones, Charles M., 2005. "Trade-through prohibitions and market quality," Journal of Financial Markets, Elsevier, vol. 8(1), pages 1-23, February.
    44. Jonathan Brogaard & Terrence Hendershott & Ryan Riordan, 2014. "High-Frequency Trading and Price Discovery," The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 27(8), pages 2267-2306.
    45. Joel Hasbrouck, 2003. "Intraday Price Formation in U.S. Equity Index Markets," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 58(6), pages 2375-2400, December.
    46. Oleg Bondarenko, 2014. "Why Are Put Options So Expensive?," Quarterly Journal of Finance (QJF), World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., vol. 4(03), pages 1-50.
    47. Hasbrouck, Joel, 1995. "One Security, Many Markets: Determining the Contributions to Price Discovery," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 50(4), pages 1175-1199, September.
    48. Barclay, Michael J. & Warner, Jerold B., 1993. "Stealth trading and volatility : Which trades move prices?," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 34(3), pages 281-305, December.
    49. Lehmann, Bruce N., 2002. "Some desiderata for the measurement of price discovery across markets," Journal of Financial Markets, Elsevier, vol. 5(3), pages 259-276, July.
    50. Yiuman Tse & Paramita Bandyopadhyay & Yang-Pin Shen, 2006. "Intraday Price Discovery in the DJIA Index Markets," Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 33(9-10), pages 1572-1585.
    51. Terrence Hendershott & Charles M. Jones & Albert J. Menkveld, 2011. "Does Algorithmic Trading Improve Liquidity?," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 66(1), pages 1-33, February.
    52. Chan, Kalok, 1992. "A Further Analysis of the Lead-Lag Relationship between the Cash Market and Stock Index Futures Market," The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 5(1), pages 123-152.
    53. Krause, Timothy & Tse, Yiuman, 2013. "Volatility and return spillovers in Canadian and U.S. industry ETFs," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 25(C), pages 244-259.
    54. Stephan, Jens A & Whaley, Robert E, 1990. "Intraday Price Change and Trading Volume Relations in the Stock and Stock Option Markets," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 45(1), pages 191-220, March.
    55. Stoll, Hans R. & Whaley, Robert E., 1990. "The Dynamics of Stock Index and Stock Index Futures Returns," Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, Cambridge University Press, vol. 25(4), pages 441-468, December.
    56. Hasbrouck, Joel, 2002. "Stalking the "efficient price" in market microstructure specifications: an overview," Journal of Financial Markets, Elsevier, vol. 5(3), pages 329-339, July.
    57. Black, Fischer & Scholes, Myron S, 1973. "The Pricing of Options and Corporate Liabilities," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 81(3), pages 637-654, May-June.
    58. Baillie, Richard T. & Geoffrey Booth, G. & Tse, Yiuman & Zabotina, Tatyana, 2002. "Price discovery and common factor models," Journal of Financial Markets, Elsevier, vol. 5(3), pages 309-321, July.
    59. Wen‐Liang G. Hsieh & Chin‐Shen Lee & Shu‐Fang Yuan, 2008. "Price discovery in the options markets: An application of put‐call parity," Journal of Futures Markets, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 28(4), pages 354-375, April.
    60. Raymond W. So & Yiuman Tse, 2004. "Price discovery in the hang seng index markets: Index, futures, and the tracker fund," Journal of Futures Markets, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 24(9), pages 887-907, September.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Chunhachinda, Pornchai & de Boyrie, Maria E. & Pavlova, Ivelina, 2019. "Measuring the hedging effectiveness of commodities," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 30(C), pages 201-207.
    2. Arumugam, Devika & Prasanna, P. Krishna & Marathe, Rahul R., 2023. "Do algorithmic traders exploit volatility?," Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Finance, Elsevier, vol. 37(C).
    3. Lin, William T. & Tsai, Shih-Chuan & Zheng, Zhenlong & Qiao, Shuai, 2018. "Retrieving aggregate information from option volume," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 55(C), pages 220-232.
    4. Hong Vo, Duc & Van Nguyen, Phuc & Minh Nguyen, Ha & The Vo, Anh & Cong Nguyen, Thang, 2020. "Derivatives market and economic growth nexus: Policy implications for emerging markets," The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 54(C).
    5. Lien, Donald, 2022. "Comparisons of Alternative Information Share Measures," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 50(C).
    6. Zhenyu Cui & Majeed Simaan, 2021. "The opportunity cost of hedging under incomplete information: Evidence from ETF/Ns," Journal of Futures Markets, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 41(11), pages 1775-1796, November.
    7. Bangsgaard, Christine & Kokholm, Thomas, 2024. "The lead–lag relation between VIX futures and SPX futures," Journal of Financial Markets, Elsevier, vol. 67(C).
    8. Donald Lien & Ziling Wang & Xiaojian Yu, 2021. "Quantile information share under Markov regime‐switching," Journal of Futures Markets, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 41(4), pages 493-513, April.
    9. Li, Wei-Xuan & Chen, Clara Chia-Sheng & Nguyen, James, 2022. "Which market dominates the price discovery in currency futures? The case of the Chicago Mercantile Exchange and the Intercontinental Exchange," Global Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 52(C).
    10. Lien, Donald & Hung, Pi-Hsia & Lin, Zong-Wei, 2020. "Whose trades move stock prices? Evidence from the Taiwan Stock Exchange," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 66(C), pages 25-50.
    11. Collin Gilstrap & Alex Petkevich & Pavel Teterin & Kainan Wang, 2024. "Lever up! An analysis of options trading in leveraged ETFs," Journal of Futures Markets, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 44(6), pages 986-1002, June.
    12. Ge, Hengshun & Yang, Haijun & Doukas, John A., 2024. "The optimal strategies of competitive high-frequency traders and effects on market liquidity," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 91(C), pages 653-679.
    13. Alexander, Carol & Heck, Daniel F., 2020. "Price discovery in Bitcoin: The impact of unregulated markets," Journal of Financial Stability, Elsevier, vol. 50(C).
    14. Madhusudan Karmakar & Sarveshwar Inani, 2019. "Information share and its predictability in the Indian stock market," Journal of Futures Markets, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 39(10), pages 1322-1343, October.
    15. Dimpfl, Thomas & Schweikert, Karsten, 2023. "Information shares for markets with partially overlapping trading hours," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 154(C).
    16. Chen, Wei-Peng & Ling Lin, Shu & Lu, Jun & Wu, Chih-Chiang, 2018. "The impact of funding liquidity on market quality," The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 44(C), pages 153-166.
    17. Donald Lien & Zijun Wang, 2019. "Quantile information share," Journal of Futures Markets, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 39(1), pages 38-55, January.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Chen, Wei-Peng & Ling Lin, Shu & Lu, Jun & Wu, Chih-Chiang, 2018. "The impact of funding liquidity on market quality," The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 44(C), pages 153-166.
    2. Hou, Yang & Li, Steven, 2017. "Time-Varying Price Discovery and Autoregressive Loading Factors: Evidence from S&P 500 Cash and E-Mini Futures Markets," MPRA Paper 81999, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    3. Hou, Yang & Nartea, Gilbert, 2017. "Price Discovery in the Stock Index Futures Market: Evidence from the Chinese stock market crash," MPRA Paper 81995, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    4. Li, Wei-Xuan & Chen, Clara Chia-Sheng & Nguyen, James, 2022. "Which market dominates the price discovery in currency futures? The case of the Chicago Mercantile Exchange and the Intercontinental Exchange," Global Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 52(C).
    5. Christoph Schmidhammer & Sebastian Lobe & Klaus Röder, 2016. "The day the index rose 11 %: a clinical study on price discovery reversal," Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting, Springer, vol. 46(1), pages 79-106, January.
    6. Christoph Schmidhammer & Sebastian Lobe & Klaus Röder, 2016. "The day the index rose 11 %: a clinical study on price discovery reversal," Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting, Springer, vol. 46(1), pages 79-106, January.
    7. Yang Hou & Steven Li & Fenghua Wen, 2021. "Time-varying information share and autoregressive loading factors: evidence from S&P 500 cash and E-mini futures markets," Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting, Springer, vol. 57(1), pages 91-110, July.
    8. Santos, Francisco Luna & Garcia, Márcio Gomes Pinto & Medeiros, Marcelo Cunha, 2015. "Price Discovery in Brazilian FX Markets," Brazilian Review of Econometrics, Sociedade Brasileira de Econometria - SBE, vol. 35(1), October.
    9. Madhusudan Karmakar & Sarveshwar Inani, 2019. "Information share and its predictability in the Indian stock market," Journal of Futures Markets, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 39(10), pages 1322-1343, October.
    10. Buckle, Mike & Chen, Jing & Guo, Qian & Tong, Chen, 2018. "Do ETFs lead the price moves? Evidence from the major US markets," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 58(C), pages 91-103.
    11. Fricke, Christoph & Menkhoff, Lukas, 2011. "Does the "Bund" dominate price discovery in Euro bond futures? Examining information shares," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 35(5), pages 1057-1072, May.
    12. Hu, Yang & Hou, Yang Greg & Oxley, Les, 2020. "What role do futures markets play in Bitcoin pricing? Causality, cointegration and price discovery from a time-varying perspective?," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 72(C).
    13. Xu, Liao & Yin, Xiangkang, 2017. "Does ETF trading affect the efficiency of the underlying index?," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 51(C), pages 82-101.
    14. Sarveshwar Kumar Inani, 2017. "Price discovery in Indian stock index futures market: new evidence based on intraday data," International Journal of Indian Culture and Business Management, Inderscience Enterprises Ltd, vol. 14(1), pages 23-43.
    15. Zema, Sebastiano Michele, 2022. "Directed acyclic graph based information shares for price discovery," Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, Elsevier, vol. 139(C).
    16. Lepone, Andrew & Yang, Jin Young, 2013. "Informational role of market makers: The case of exchange traded CFDs," Journal of Empirical Finance, Elsevier, vol. 23(C), pages 84-92.
    17. Erik Theissen, 2012. "Price discovery in spot and futures markets: a reconsideration," The European Journal of Finance, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 18(10), pages 969-987, November.
    18. Tse, Yiuman & Xiang, Ju, 2005. "Market quality and price discovery: Introduction of the E-mini energy futures," Global Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 16(2), pages 164-179, December.
    19. Donald Lien & Zijun Wang, 2019. "Quantile information share," Journal of Futures Markets, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 39(1), pages 38-55, January.
    20. Damien Wallace & Petko S. Kalev & Guanhua Lian, 2019. "The evolution of price discovery in us equity and derivatives markets," Journal of Futures Markets, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 39(9), pages 1122-1136, September.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:reveco:v:45:y:2016:i:c:p:438-452. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/inca/620165 .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.