Gender diversity in academic entrepreneurship: Social impact motives and the NSF I-corps program

This study examines gender differences in the social impact and commercial motives for academic entrepreneurship using the National Science Foundation's Innovation Corps (NSF I-Corps) program. I-Corps provides experiential entrepreneurship training to faculty and graduate student researchers at local I-Corps university sites and through a nationwide program. Since the inception of I-Corps, only 20 % of participants have been women. We first use survey data from one I-Corps university site to show that women had higher social entrepreneurial intentions compared to commercial entrepreneurial intentions, and their social entrepreneurial intentions were higher than men's. We then extend and generalize this finding by analyzing 1267 publicly available project summaries from the National I-Corps Program from 2011 to 2019. We find that women PIs' project proposals emphasized social impact significantly more than men, while projects for all PIs emphasized commercial impact to a similar degree. We next ran a field experiment to estimate the causal impact of social impact vs. commercial motives by experimentally manipulating the recruitment email messages inviting researchers to participate in the I-Corps training program. We find that women were more likely to show interest in a social impact version of a message compared to a commercial version, while men showed equal interest in both types of messages. Taken together, our results indicate that women are more interested in pursuing commercialization and entrepreneurship activities when they are tackling societal problems. They suggest that low-cost interventions that emphasize the social impact value of entrepreneurial opportunities may increase gender diversity in entrepreneurship activities.