IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/jbrese/v139y2022icp831-842.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

How knowledge and uncertainty affect strategic international business investment decisions: Implications for cross-border mergers and acquisitions

Author

Listed:
  • Irwin, Kris
  • Gilstrap, Collin
  • McDowell, William
  • Drnevich, Paul
  • Gorbett, Abigail

Abstract

Changes in country-level and global economic conditions create numerous challenges for firms expanding internationally. Country-level changes such as volatility in GDP growth, increasing regulations, and/or inflation may influence temporal periods of static or declining markets and often drive an inward contraction of focus. Conversely, global-level changes such as expanding markets often drive an outward expansion of focus as firms adjust to opportunities created by changing conditions. However, given increasing technological interconnectedness and global economic interdependencies, firms may better leverage their knowledge of such factors to improve international business investment decisions. We hypothesize how firms seeking international expansion adjust based on changes in their environment through both the frequency and value of their cross-border M&A (CB M&A) activity. Our findings from a sample of pre- and post-CB M&A activity using data on the 2008–2009 financial crisis outline how firms’ strategic international business decisions incorporate knowledge and uncertainty regarding country and global economic fluctuations.

Suggested Citation

  • Irwin, Kris & Gilstrap, Collin & McDowell, William & Drnevich, Paul & Gorbett, Abigail, 2022. "How knowledge and uncertainty affect strategic international business investment decisions: Implications for cross-border mergers and acquisitions," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 139(C), pages 831-842.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:jbrese:v:139:y:2022:i:c:p:831-842
    DOI: 10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.10.001
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0148296321007281
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.10.001?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Johan Wiklund & Dean Shepherd, 2003. "Aspiring for, and Achieving Growth: The Moderating Role of Resources and Opportunities," Journal of Management Studies, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 40(8), pages 1919-1941, December.
    2. Marco Vivarelli, 2014. "Innovation, Employment and Skills in Advanced and Developing Countries: A Survey of Economic Literature," Journal of Economic Issues, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 48(1), pages 123-154.
    3. N. Bloom, 2016. "Fluctuations in uncertainty," Voprosy Ekonomiki, NP Voprosy Ekonomiki, issue 4.
    4. Danny Miller & Peter H. Friesen, 1982. "Innovation in conservative and entrepreneurial firms: Two models of strategic momentum," Strategic Management Journal, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 3(1), pages 1-25, January.
    5. Isil Erel & Rose C. Liao & Michael S. Weisbach, 2012. "Determinants of Cross‐Border Mergers and Acquisitions," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 67(3), pages 1045-1082, June.
    6. Marina Martynova & Luc Renneboog, 2010. "Spillover of Corporate Governance Standards in Cross-Border Mergers and Acquisition," Chapters, in: Alessio M. Pacces (ed.), The Law and Economics of Corporate Governance, chapter 3, Edward Elgar Publishing.
    7. Ferreira, Manuel Portugal & Santos, João Carvalho & de Almeida, Martinho Isnard Ribeiro & Reis, Nuno Rosa, 2014. "Mergers & acquisitions research: A bibliometric study of top strategy and international business journals, 1980–2010," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 67(12), pages 2550-2558.
    8. Kevin K. Boeh, 2011. "Contracting Costs and Information Asymmetry Reduction in Cross‐Border M&A," Journal of Management Studies, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 48(3), pages 568-590, May.
    9. Cheng, Cong & Yang, Monica, 2017. "Enhancing performance of cross-border mergers and acquisitions in developed markets: The role of business ties and technological innovation capability," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 81(C), pages 107-117.
    10. Bonaime, Alice & Gulen, Huseyin & Ion, Mihai, 2018. "Does policy uncertainty affect mergers and acquisitions?," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 129(3), pages 531-558.
    11. Ben S. Bernanke, 1983. "Irreversibility, Uncertainty, and Cyclical Investment," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, President and Fellows of Harvard College, vol. 98(1), pages 85-106.
    12. Witold J. Henisz & Jeffrey T. Macher, 2004. "Firm- and Country-Level Trade-offs and Contingencies in the Evaluation of Foreign Investment: The Semiconductor Industry, 1994–2002," Organization Science, INFORMS, vol. 15(5), pages 537-554, October.
    13. Buch, Claudia M. & DeLong, Gayle, 2004. "Cross-border bank mergers: What lures the rare animal?," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 28(9), pages 2077-2102, September.
    14. Malhotra, Shavin & Lin, Xiaohua & Farrell, Carlyle, 2016. "Cross-national uncertainty and level of control in cross-border acquisitions: A comparison of Latin American and U.S. multinationals," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 69(6), pages 1993-2004.
    15. Zhong Chen & Bo Han & Yeqin Zeng, 2017. "Financial Hedging and Firm Performance: Evidence from Cross†border Mergers and Acquisitions," European Financial Management, European Financial Management Association, vol. 23(3), pages 415-458, June.
    16. Deng, Ping & Yang, Monica, 2015. "Cross-border mergers and acquisitions by emerging market firms: A comparative investigation," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 24(1), pages 157-172.
    17. Shimizu, Katsuhiko & Hitt, Michael A. & Vaidyanath, Deepa & Pisano, Vincenzo, 2004. "Theoretical foundations of cross-border mergers and acquisitions: A review of current research and recommendations for the future," Journal of International Management, Elsevier, vol. 10(3), pages 307-353.
    18. Zhu, Hong & Xia, Jun & Makino, Shige, 2015. "How do high-technology firms create value in international M&A? Integration, autonomy and cross-border contingencies," Journal of World Business, Elsevier, vol. 50(4), pages 718-728.
    19. Sjoerd Beugelsdijk & Björn Ambos & Phillip C Nell, 2018. "Conceptualizing and measuring distance in international business research: Recurring questions and best practice guidelines," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 49(9), pages 1113-1137, December.
    20. Lee, Sung-Jun & Kim, Joongwha & Park, Byung Il, 2015. "Culture clashes in cross-border mergers and acquisitions: A case study of Sweden's Volvo and South Korea's Samsung," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 24(4), pages 580-593.
    21. Meissner, Dirk & Burton, Nicholas & Galvin, Peter & Sarpong, David & Bach, Norbert, 2021. "Understanding cross border innovation activities: The linkages between innovation modes, product architecture and firm boundaries," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 128(C), pages 762-769.
    22. di Giovanni, Julian, 2005. "What drives capital flows? The case of cross-border M&A activity and financial deepening," Journal of International Economics, Elsevier, vol. 65(1), pages 127-149, January.
    23. Timothy B. Folta & Jonathan P. O'Brien, 2004. "Entry in the presence of dueling options," Strategic Management Journal, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 25(2), pages 121-138, February.
    24. Ilya R P Cuypers & Gokhan Ertug & Pursey P M A R Heugens & Bruce Kogut & Tengjian Zou, 2018. "The making of a construct: Lessons from 30 years of the Kogut and Singh cultural distance index," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 49(9), pages 1138-1153, December.
    25. Di Guardo, Maria Chiara & Marrocu, Emanuela & Paci, Raffaele, 2016. "The effect of local corruption on ownership strategy in cross-border mergers and acquisitions," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 69(10), pages 4225-4241.
    26. Hyejun Kim & Jaeyong Song, 2017. "Filling institutional voids in emerging economies: The impact of capital market development and business groups on M&A deal abandonment," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 48(3), pages 308-323, April.
    27. Wensheng Kang & Ronald A. Ratti & Joaquin Vespignani, 2020. "Impact of global uncertainty on the global economy and large developed and developing economies," Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 52(22), pages 2392-2407, May.
    28. Chen, Victor Zitian & Li, Jing & Shapiro, Daniel M., 2012. "International reverse spillover effects on parent firms: Evidences from emerging-market MNEs in developed markets," European Management Journal, Elsevier, vol. 30(3), pages 204-218.
    29. Melissa E. Graebner & Koen H. Heimeriks & Quy N. Huy & Eero Vaara, 2017. "The Process of Postmerger Integration : A Review and Agenda for Future Research," Post-Print hal-02311973, HAL.
    30. Gulamhussen, Mohamed Azzim & Hennart, Jean-François & Pinheiro, Carlos Manuel, 2016. "What drives cross-border M&As in commercial banking?," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 72(S), pages 6-18.
    31. Andreas P. J. Schotter & Ram Mudambi & Yves L. Doz & Ajai Gaur, 2017. "Boundary Spanning in Global Organizations," Journal of Management Studies, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 54(4), pages 403-421, June.
    32. Rossi, Stefano & Volpin, Paolo F., 2004. "Cross-country determinants of mergers and acquisitions," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 74(2), pages 277-304, November.
    33. Basuil, Dynah A. & Datta, Deepak K., 2017. "Value creation in cross-border acquisitions: The role of outside directors' human and social capital," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 80(C), pages 35-44.
    34. Chen, Stephen & Lin, Nidthida, 2019. "The effect of inter- and intra-organizational distances on success of offshored outsourced innovation: A configurational approach," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 103(C), pages 519-529.
    35. Zhao, Yue & Parente, Ronaldo & Song, Mohan & Wenger, Lucas, 2020. "Host country institutional diversity and MNE performance persistence," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 113(C), pages 1-12.
    36. Melissa E. Graebner & Koen H. Heimeriks & Quy N. Huy & Eero Vaara, 2017. "The Process of Postmerger Integration : A Review and Agenda for Future Research," Post-Print hal-02276670, HAL.
    37. Gong, Pu & Dai, Jun, 2017. "Monetary policy, exchange rate fluctuation, and herding behavior in the stock market," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 76(C), pages 34-43.
    38. Dynah A. Basuil & Deepak K. Datta, 2015. "Effects of Industry- and Region-Specific Acquisition Experience on Value Creation in Cross-Border Acquisitions: The Moderating Role of Cultural Similarity," Journal of Management Studies, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 52(6), pages 766-795, September.
    39. Olivier Bertrand & Laurence Capron, 2015. "Productivity enhancement at home via cross-border acquisitions: The roles of learning and contemporaneous domestic investments," Strategic Management Journal, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 36(5), pages 640-658, May.
    40. Uriel Stettner & Dovev Lavie, 2014. "Ambidexterity under scrutiny: Exploration and exploitation via internal organization, alliances, and acquisitions," Strategic Management Journal, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 35(13), pages 1903-1929, December.
    41. Venkateswaran, Ramya Tarakad & George, Rejie, 2020. "When does culture matter? A multilevel study on the role of situational moderators," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 116(C), pages 99-122.
    42. Bela Balassa, 1964. "The Purchasing-Power Parity Doctrine: A Reappraisal," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 72(6), pages 584-584.
    43. Ugur Lel & Darius P. Miller, 2015. "Does Takeover Activity Cause Managerial Discipline? Evidence from International M&A Laws," The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 28(6), pages 1588-1622.
    44. Piero Morosini & Scott Shane & Harbir Singh, 1998. "National Cultural Distance and Cross-Border Acquisition Performance," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 29(1), pages 137-158, March.
    45. Daniel R Clark & Dan Li & Dean A Shepherd, 2018. "Country familiarity in the initial stage of foreign market selection," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 49(4), pages 442-472, May.
    46. Aimée A. Kane & Natalia Levina, 2017. "‘Am I Still One of Them?’: Bicultural Immigrant Managers Navigating Social Identity Threats When Spanning Global Boundaries," Journal of Management Studies, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 54(4), pages 540-577, June.
    47. Boateng, Agyenim & Hua, Xiuping & Uddin, Moshfique & Du, Min, 2014. "Home country macroeconomic factors on outward cross-border mergers and acquisitions: Evidence from the UK," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 30(C), pages 202-216.
    48. Klaus E. Meyer & Ram Mudambi & Rajneesh Narula, 2011. "Multinational Enterprises and Local Contexts: The Opportunities and Challenges of Multiple Embeddedness," Journal of Management Studies, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 48(2), pages 235-252, March.
    49. Xie, En & Reddy, K.S. & Liang, Jie, 2017. "Country-specific determinants of cross-border mergers and acquisitions: A comprehensive review and future research directions," Journal of World Business, Elsevier, vol. 52(2), pages 127-183.
    50. Angelini, Paolo & Cetorelli, Nicola, 2003. "The Effects of Regulatory Reform on Competition in the Banking Industry," Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, Blackwell Publishing, vol. 35(5), pages 663-684, October.
    51. Chen, Feiqiong & Liu, Huiqian & Ge, Yuhao, 2021. "How does integration affect industrial innovation through networks in technology-sourcing overseas M&A? A comparison between China and the US," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 122(C), pages 281-292.
    52. Juasrikul, Sakdipon & Sahaym, Arvin & Yim, Hyunsoon (Sean) & Liu, Richie L., 2018. "Do cross-border alliances with MNEs from developed economies create firm value for MNEs from emerging economies?," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 93(C), pages 98-110.
    53. He, Xinming & Zhang, Jianhong, 2018. "Emerging market MNCs' cross-border acquisition completion: Institutional image and strategies," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 93(C), pages 139-150.
    54. Petrakis, Panagiotis E. & Kostis, Pantelis C. & Kafka, Kyriaki I., 2016. "Secular stagnation, faltering innovation, and high uncertainty: New-era entrepreneurship appraisal using knowledge-based thinking," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 69(5), pages 1909-1913.
    55. Jongmoo Jay Choi, 1986. "A Model of Firm Valuation With Exchange Exposure," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 17(2), pages 153-160, June.
    56. Liliana Pérez‐Nordtvedt & Ben L. Kedia & Deepak K. Datta & Abdul A. Rasheed, 2008. "Effectiveness and Efficiency of Cross‐Border Knowledge Transfer: An Empirical Examination," Journal of Management Studies, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 45(4), pages 714-744, June.
    57. De Beule, Filip & Sels, Annabel, 2016. "Do innovative emerging market cross-border acquirers create more shareholder value? Evidence from India," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 25(2), pages 604-617.
    58. Ott, Christian, 2020. "The risks of mergers and acquisitions—Analyzing the incentives for risk reporting in Item 1A of 10-K filings," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 106(C), pages 158-181.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Ting Liu & Ye Huang, 2024. "The influence of subnational corruption on the conversion of foreign proprietorship: Stumbling block or lubricant? Evidence from Sino-foreign joint ventures," Asia Pacific Journal of Management, Springer, vol. 41(1), pages 135-170, March.
    2. Junshu Du & Yichen Peng & Yuansong Tong & Yuriy Bilan, 2022. "Impact of enterprise ambidexterity capability and experience learning on cross-border M&A performance: evidence from China," Oeconomia Copernicana, Institute of Economic Research, vol. 13(4), pages 1177-1214, December.
    3. Suman Lodh & Nitin Deshmukh & Alireza Rohani, 2024. "Stemming the tide: Does climate risk affect M&A performance?," Business Strategy and the Environment, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 33(2), pages 858-881, February.
    4. Tu, Yongqian & Zhang, Aihua & He, Limiao & Qi, Jiangyong, 2024. "Firms' uncertainty perceptions and financial misallocation: Evidence from China," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 59(C).
    5. Lingling Suo & Kezhi Yang & Hao Ji, 2023. "The Impact of Technological Mergers and Acquisitions on Enterprise Innovation: A Review," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(17), pages 1-17, August.
    6. Chatterjee, Lagnajita & Feng, Cong & Nakata, Cheryl & Sivakumar, K., 2023. "The environmental turbulence concept in marketing: A look back and a look ahead," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 161(C).
    7. Chao Fu & Xiuyuan Deng & Hongfei Tang, 2023. "Who cares about corporate fraud? Evidence from cross-border mergers and acquisitions of Chinese companies," Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting, Springer, vol. 60(2), pages 747-789, February.
    8. Kaiyuan Yang & Xiaoyan Huo & Zhaoyu Sun & Peigong Li & Stavros Sindakis & Saloome Showkat, 2024. "Investigating The Role of Accounting Information Comparability in Mitigating Stock Price Crash Risk: Evidence from China’s Knowledge-Based Economy," Journal of the Knowledge Economy, Springer;Portland International Center for Management of Engineering and Technology (PICMET), vol. 15(3), pages 10022-10056, September.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Xie, En & Reddy, K.S. & Liang, Jie, 2017. "Country-specific determinants of cross-border mergers and acquisitions: A comprehensive review and future research directions," Journal of World Business, Elsevier, vol. 52(2), pages 127-183.
    2. Kumar, Deepak & Sengupta, Keya & Bhattacharya, Mousumi, 2023. "Macroeconomic influences on M&A deal outcomes: An analysis of domestic and cross-border M&As in developed and emerging economies," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 161(C).
    3. Datta, Deepak K. & Basuil, Dynah A. & Agarwal, Ankita, 2020. "Effects of board characteristics on post-acquisition performance: A study of cross-border acquisitions by firms in the manufacturing sector," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 29(3).
    4. Yunjae Bae & Kyungsuk Lee & Taewoo Roh, 2020. "Acquirer’s Absorptive Capacity and Firm Performance: The Perspectives of Strategic Behavior and Knowledge Assets," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(20), pages 1-28, October.
    5. Gregoriou, Andros & Nguyen, Binh Duy & Nguyen, Tung Duy & Le, Huong & Hudson, Robert, 2021. "Economic policy uncertainty and cross-border mergers and acquisitions," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 78(C).
    6. Reddy, Kotapati Srinivasa, 2015. "Determinants of Cross-border Mergers and Acquisitions: A Comprehensive Review and Future Direction," MPRA Paper 63969, University Library of Munich, Germany, revised 2015.
    7. Leonidas G Barbopoulos & Jo Danbolt & Dimitris Alexakis, 2018. "The role of earnout financing on the valuation effects of global diversification," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 49(5), pages 523-551, July.
    8. Reddy, Kotapati Srinivasa, 2015. "Extant Reviews on Entry-mode/Internationalization, Mergers & Acquisitions, and Diversification: Understanding Theories and Establishing Interdisciplinary Research," MPRA Paper 63744, University Library of Munich, Germany, revised 2015.
    9. Song, Sangcheol & Zeng, Yuping & Zhou, Bing, 2021. "Information asymmetry, cross-listing, and post-M&A performance," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 122(C), pages 447-457.
    10. Lim, Mi-Hee & Lee, Ji-Hwan, 2017. "National economic disparity and cross-border acquisition resolution," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 26(2), pages 354-364.
    11. Reddy, Kotapati Srinivasa, 2014. "Institutional Dichotomy and Cross-Border Inbound Acquisitions: A Study of Three Cases," MPRA Paper 64221, University Library of Munich, Germany, revised 2014.
    12. Yang Zhang, 2018. "Corporate Governance Effects on Risk Management and Shareholder Wealth: The Case of Mergers and Acquisitions," PhD Thesis, Finance Discipline Group, UTS Business School, University of Technology, Sydney, number 4-2018, January-A.
    13. Li, Xue & Anwar, Sajid & Peng, Fei, 2022. "Cross-border acquisitions and the performance of Chinese publicly listed companies," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 141(C), pages 575-588.
    14. Gada, Viswa Prasad & Goyal, Lakshmi & Popli, Manish, 2021. "Earnouts in M&A deal structuring: The impact of CEO prevention focus," Journal of International Management, Elsevier, vol. 27(1).
    15. Reddy, Kotapati Srinivasa, 2015. "Macroeconomic Change, and Cross-border Mergers and Acquisitions: The Indian Experience, 1991-2010," MPRA Paper 63562, University Library of Munich, Germany, revised 2015.
    16. Ye, Silin & Zhou, Jing & Jiang, Yunwen & Liu, Xiaming, 2023. "Managers as the bridge: How cultural friction influences the integration of cross-border mergers and acquisitions," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 32(4).
    17. Oehmichen, Jana & Firk, Sebastian & Wolff, Michael & Haas, Veronika, 2022. "Board experience and value creation in cross-border acquisitions: The role of acquirer and target country institutions," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 31(4).
    18. Wang, Molin & Yan, Haifeng & Ciabuschi, Francesco & Su, Cong, 2023. "Facilitator or inhibitor? The effect of host-country intellectual property rights protection on China’s technology-driven acquisitions," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 32(6).
    19. Reddy, Kotapati Srinivasa, 2015. "Why do Cross-border Merger/Acquisition Deals become Delayed, or Unsuccessful? – A Cross-Case Analysis in the Dynamic Industries," MPRA Paper 63940, University Library of Munich, Germany, revised 2015.
    20. Lamotte, Olivier & Chalençon, Ludivine & Mayrhofer, Ulrike & Colovic, Ana, 2021. "Intangible resources and cross-border acquisition decisions: The impact of reputation and the moderating effect of experiential knowledge," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 131(C), pages 297-310.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:jbrese:v:139:y:2022:i:c:p:831-842. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/jbusres .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.