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100% renewable energy Italy: A vision to achieve full energy system decarbonisation by 2050

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  • Pastore, Lorenzo Mario
  • de Santoli, Livio

Abstract

This paper explores the potential for a 100% renewable energy system in Italy by 2050, investigating alternative strategies to decarbonise hard-to-abate sectors and provide system flexibility. The aim is to evaluate implications, reciprocal effects and synergies between these strategies. The outcomes demonstrate the potential of power-to-X technologies in balancing non-dispatchable generation and reducing biomass consumption. Around 90% of electricity production can come from photovoltaics and onshore and offshore wind. Energy savings, district heating deployment along with electrification of building stock and light transport, by means of heat pumps and electric vehicles, have been considered as key measures. Different application strategies for alternative fuels, such as hydrogen, biofuels and electrofuels, in heavy-duty transport and industry have a significant impact on the configuration of the entire energy system. In scenarios with high hydrogen demand, the power-to-gas strategy allows less reliance on electricity storage systems. Biomass availability emerges as a critical factor, affecting the sustainability of the energy system. A highly flexible demand-side approach offers energy and economic advantages. This study demonstrates the technical and economic feasibility of a carbon neutral energy system in Italy, while acknowledging the challenges towards the full decarbonisation and emphasising the importance of integrated energy planning.

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  • Pastore, Lorenzo Mario & de Santoli, Livio, 2025. "100% renewable energy Italy: A vision to achieve full energy system decarbonisation by 2050," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 317(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:energy:v:317:y:2025:i:c:s0360544225003913
    DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2025.134749
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    1. Pastore, Lorenzo Mario & de Santoli, Livio, 2025. "Socio-economic implications of implementing a carbon-neutral energy system: A Green New Deal for Italy," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 322(C).
    2. Flavia Vespasiano & Tejas Gujrati & Behnam Abbasi & Fabio Bisegna, 2025. "Integrated Smart City Solutions: A Multi-Axis Approach for Sustainable Development in Varanasi," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 17(7), pages 1-27, April.
    3. Axel Riccardo Massulli & Fosca Carolina Rosa & Gianluigi Lo Basso, 2025. "Moving Towards Fourth-Generation District Heating as a Power-to-Heat Strategy: Techno-Economic Issues," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 17(8), pages 1-19, April.
    4. Bai, Mingqi & Liu, Shuqi & Qi, Meng & Kim, Minseong & Liu, Shangzhi & Moon, Il & Feng, Wei & Liu, Yi, 2025. "A novel multi-period proactive flexible load management strategy for low-cost off-grid green methanol production," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 320(C).
    5. Pastore, Lorenzo Mario & Groppi, Daniele & Feijoo, Felipe & Lentini, Alessandro & Lo Basso, Gianluigi & Astiaso Garcia, Davide & de Santoli, Livio, 2025. "Long-term decarbonisation of hard-to-abate industrial thermal demand for 100 % renewable energy systems," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 327(C).

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