IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/rensus/v128y2020ics1364032120302185.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

A review on alternative fuels in future energy system

Author

Listed:
  • Stančin, H.
  • Mikulčić, H.
  • Wang, X.
  • Duić, N.

Abstract

Transition and decarbonization of the energy sector require the utilisation of new technologies and energy sources. Higher penetration of intermittent renewable energy sources implies the installation of energy storage, to store electricity excess and enhanced system efficiency. These electricity surpluses that will occur more often in the future energy system could be effectively utilized for the production of alternative fuels. Most of the alternative fuels that are considered for future applications are already known chemicals or products, nowadays used for other purposes. Another great advantage of some alternative fuels lies in their possibilities to act as an energy carrier. This feature might be crucial while discussing their utilisation potential and further development. Fuels which can simultaneously be used for power generation and as an energy carrier will have a more important role in the future and are likely to be utilized on a greater scale. Renewable energy source like biomass, on the other hand, is already widely used, and their role in the future system is not questionable. Even though significant increment in biomass consumption raises serious concerns about its sustainability, and seeks for new approaches. In this work, the authors tried to review alternative fuel characteristics, alongside their utilisation and production opportunities. To come up with the optimal solutions, the authors compared various proposed alternative fuels, alongside their advantages and drawbacks with an aim to find the most appropriate role for each fuel.

Suggested Citation

  • Stančin, H. & Mikulčić, H. & Wang, X. & Duić, N., 2020. "A review on alternative fuels in future energy system," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 128(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:rensus:v:128:y:2020:i:c:s1364032120302185
    DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2020.109927
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032120302185
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.rser.2020.109927?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Farfan, Javier & Lohrmann, Alena & Breyer, Christian, 2019. "Integration of greenhouse agriculture to the energy infrastructure as an alimentary solution," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 110(C), pages 368-377.
    2. Balamurugan, T. & Arun, A. & Sathishkumar, G.B., 2018. "Biodiesel derived from corn oil – A fuel substitute for diesel," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 94(C), pages 772-778.
    3. Cruz, Marco R.M. & Fitiwi, Desta Z. & Santos, Sérgio F. & Catalão, João P.S., 2018. "A comprehensive survey of flexibility options for supporting the low-carbon energy future," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 97(C), pages 338-353.
    4. Mostafa, Mohamed E. & Hu, Song & Wang, Yi & Su, Sheng & Hu, Xun & Elsayed, Saad A. & Xiang, Jun, 2019. "The significance of pelletization operating conditions: An analysis of physical and mechanical characteristics as well as energy consumption of biomass pellets," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 105(C), pages 332-348.
    5. Tina D. Beuchelt & Michael Nassl, 2019. "Applying a Sustainable Development Lens to Global Biomass Potentials," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(18), pages 1-26, September.
    6. Lester, Mason Scott & Bramstoft, Rasmus & Münster, Marie, 2020. "Analysis on Electrofuels in Future Energy Systems: A 2050 Case Study," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 199(C).
    7. Aktaş, Ahmet & Kırçiçek, Yağmur, 2020. "A novel optimal energy management strategy for offshore wind/marine current/battery/ultracapacitor hybrid renewable energy system," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 199(C).
    8. Ledakowicz, S. & Stolarek, P. & Malinowski, A. & Lepez, O., 2019. "Thermochemical treatment of sewage sludge by integration of drying and pyrolysis/autogasification," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 104(C), pages 319-327.
    9. Suraj Adebayo Opatokun & Ana Lopez-Sabiron & German Ferreira & Vladimir Strezov, 2017. "Life Cycle Analysis of Energy Production from Food Waste through Anaerobic Digestion, Pyrolysis and Integrated Energy System," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 9(10), pages 1-15, October.
    10. Bhave, Amit & Taylor, Richard H.S. & Fennell, Paul & Livingston, William R. & Shah, Nilay & Dowell, Niall Mac & Dennis, John & Kraft, Markus & Pourkashanian, Mohammed & Insa, Mathieu & Jones, Jenny & , 2017. "Screening and techno-economic assessment of biomass-based power generation with CCS technologies to meet 2050 CO2 targets," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 190(C), pages 481-489.
    11. Afif, Ahmed & Radenahmad, Nikdalila & Cheok, Quentin & Shams, Shahriar & Kim, Jung H. & Azad, Abul K., 2016. "Ammonia-fed fuel cells: a comprehensive review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 60(C), pages 822-835.
    12. Zachary P. Cano & Dustin Banham & Siyu Ye & Andreas Hintennach & Jun Lu & Michael Fowler & Zhongwei Chen, 2018. "Batteries and fuel cells for emerging electric vehicle markets," Nature Energy, Nature, vol. 3(4), pages 279-289, April.
    13. Awad, Omar I. & Mamat, R. & Ali, Obed M. & Sidik, N.A.C. & Yusaf, T. & Kadirgama, K. & Kettner, Maurice, 2018. "Alcohol and ether as alternative fuels in spark ignition engine: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 82(P3), pages 2586-2605.
    14. Bogdan Ovidiu Varga & Arsen Sagoian & Florin Mariasiu, 2019. "Prediction of Electric Vehicle Range: A Comprehensive Review of Current Issues and Challenges," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(5), pages 1-19, March.
    15. Sharma, Ashish & Strezov, Vladimir, 2017. "Life cycle environmental and economic impact assessment of alternative transport fuels and power-train technologies," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 133(C), pages 1132-1141.
    16. Kim, Jong Suk & Boardman, Richard D. & Bragg-Sitton, Shannon M., 2018. "Dynamic performance analysis of a high-temperature steam electrolysis plant integrated within nuclear-renewable hybrid energy systems," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 228(C), pages 2090-2110.
    17. Chattopadhyay, Jayeeta & Pathak, T.S. & Srivastava, R. & Singh, A.C., 2016. "Catalytic co-pyrolysis of paper biomass and plastic mixtures (HDPE (high density polyethylene), PP (polypropylene) and PET (polyethylene terephthalate)) and product analysis," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 103(C), pages 513-521.
    18. Zhang, Xuesong & Lei, Hanwu & Zhu, Lei & Qian, Moriko & Zhu, Xiaolu & Wu, Joan & Chen, Shulin, 2016. "Enhancement of jet fuel range alkanes from co-feeding of lignocellulosic biomass with plastics via tandem catalytic conversions," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 173(C), pages 418-430.
    19. Othman, Mohd Fahmi & Adam, Abdullah & Najafi, G. & Mamat, Rizalman, 2017. "Green fuel as alternative fuel for diesel engine: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 80(C), pages 694-709.
    20. Mohd Noor, C.W. & Noor, M.M. & Mamat, R., 2018. "Biodiesel as alternative fuel for marine diesel engine applications: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 94(C), pages 127-142.
    21. Kan, Xiang & Wei, Liping & Li, Xian & Li, Han & Zhou, Dezhi & Yang, Wenming & Wang, Chi-Hwa, 2020. "Effects of the three dual-fuel strategies on performance and emissions of a biodiesel engine," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 262(C).
    22. Chacartegui, R. & Sánchez, D. & Muñoz de Escalona, J.M. & Muñoz, A. & Sánchez, T., 2013. "Gas and steam combined cycles for low calorific syngas fuels utilisation," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 101(C), pages 81-92.
    23. Nabi, M.N. & Rasul, M.G. & Anwar, M. & Mullins, B.J., 2019. "Energy, exergy, performance, emission and combustion characteristics of diesel engine using new series of non-edible biodiesels," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 140(C), pages 647-657.
    24. Brynolf, Selma & Taljegard, Maria & Grahn, Maria & Hansson, Julia, 2018. "Electrofuels for the transport sector: A review of production costs," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 81(P2), pages 1887-1905.
    25. McDonagh, Shane & Deane, Paul & Rajendran, Karthik & Murphy, Jerry D., 2019. "Are electrofuels a sustainable transport fuel? Analysis of the effect of controls on carbon, curtailment, and cost of hydrogen," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 247(C), pages 716-730.
    26. Dorotić, Hrvoje & Doračić, Borna & Dobravec, Viktorija & Pukšec, Tomislav & Krajačić, Goran & Duić, Neven, 2019. "Integration of transport and energy sectors in island communities with 100% intermittent renewable energy sources," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 99(C), pages 109-124.
    27. Kamaruddin, M.Z.F. & Kamarudin, S.K. & Daud, W.R.W. & Masdar, M.S., 2013. "An overview of fuel management in direct methanol fuel cells," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 24(C), pages 557-565.
    28. Parra, David & Valverde, Luis & Pino, F. Javier & Patel, Martin K., 2019. "A review on the role, cost and value of hydrogen energy systems for deep decarbonisation," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 101(C), pages 279-294.
    29. Perkins, Greg & Bhaskar, Thallada & Konarova, Muxina, 2018. "Process development status of fast pyrolysis technologies for the manufacture of renewable transport fuels from biomass," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 90(C), pages 292-315.
    30. Makarichi, Luke & Jutidamrongphan, Warangkana & Techato, Kua-anan, 2018. "The evolution of waste-to-energy incineration: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 91(C), pages 812-821.
    31. Andika, Riezqa & Nandiyanto, Asep Bayu Dani & Putra, Zulfan Adi & Bilad, Muhammad Roil & Kim, Young & Yun, Choa Mun & Lee, Moonyong, 2018. "Co-electrolysis for power-to-methanol applications," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 95(C), pages 227-241.
    32. Odziemkowska, Małgorzata & Matuszewska, Anna & Czarnocka, Joanna, 2016. "Diesel oil with bioethanol as a fuel for compression-ignition engines," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 184(C), pages 1264-1272.
    33. Mikulčić, Hrvoje & Ridjan Skov, Iva & Dominković, Dominik Franjo & Wan Alwi, Sharifah Rafidah & Manan, Zainuddin Abdul & Tan, Raymond & Duić, Neven & Hidayah Mohamad, Siti Nur & Wang, Xuebin, 2019. "Flexible Carbon Capture and Utilization technologies in future energy systems and the utilization pathways of captured CO2," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 114(C), pages 1-1.
    34. Oyedun, Adetoyese Olajire & Gebreegziabher, Tesfaldet & Ng, Denny K.S. & Hui, Chi Wai, 2014. "Mixed-waste pyrolysis of biomass and plastics waste – A modelling approach to reduce energy usage," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 75(C), pages 127-135.
    35. Bloess, Andreas & Schill, Wolf-Peter & Zerrahn, Alexander, 2018. "Power-to-heat for renewable energy integration: A review of technologies, modeling approaches, and flexibility potentials," EconStor Open Access Articles and Book Chapters, ZBW - Leibniz Information Centre for Economics, vol. 212, pages 1611-1626.
    36. Lund, Henrik & Østergaard, Poul Alberg & Connolly, David & Mathiesen, Brian Vad, 2017. "Smart energy and smart energy systems," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 137(C), pages 556-565.
    37. Bajwa, Dilpreet S. & Peterson, Tyler & Sharma, Neeta & Shojaeiarani, Jamileh & Bajwa, Sreekala G., 2018. "A review of densified solid biomass for energy production," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 96(C), pages 296-305.
    38. Yapicioglu, Arda & Dincer, Ibrahim, 2019. "A review on clean ammonia as a potential fuel for power generators," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 103(C), pages 96-108.
    39. Carapellucci, Roberto & Giordano, Lorena, 2019. "Upgrading existing gas-steam combined cycle power plants through steam injection and methane steam reforming," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 173(C), pages 229-243.
    40. Valerie Eveloy & Tesfaldet Gebreegziabher, 2018. "A Review of Projected Power-to-Gas Deployment Scenarios," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(7), pages 1-52, July.
    41. Pan, Z.F. & An, L. & Wen, C.Y., 2019. "Recent advances in fuel cells based propulsion systems for unmanned aerial vehicles," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 240(C), pages 473-485.
    42. Taghavifar, Hadi & Nemati, Arash & Walther, Jens Honore, 2019. "Combustion and exergy analysis of multi-component diesel-DME-methanol blends in HCCI engine," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 187(C).
    43. Oumer, A.N. & Hasan, M.M. & Baheta, Aklilu Tesfamichael & Mamat, Rizalman & Abdullah, A.A., 2018. "Bio-based liquid fuels as a source of renewable energy: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 88(C), pages 82-98.
    44. Widjaya, Elita R. & Chen, Guangnan & Bowtell, Les & Hills, Catherine, 2018. "Gasification of non-woody biomass: A literature review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 89(C), pages 184-193.
    45. Tamilselvan, P. & Nallusamy, N. & Rajkumar, S., 2017. "A comprehensive review on performance, combustion and emission characteristics of biodiesel fuelled diesel engines," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 79(C), pages 1134-1159.
    46. Boulamanti, Aikaterini & Moya, Jose A., 2017. "Production costs of the chemical industry in the EU and other countries: Ammonia, methanol and light olefins," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 68(P2), pages 1205-1212.
    47. Guo, Mingxin & Song, Weiping & Buhain, Jeremy, 2015. "Bioenergy and biofuels: History, status, and perspective," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 42(C), pages 712-725.
    48. Mazza, Andrea & Bompard, Ettore & Chicco, Gianfranco, 2018. "Applications of power to gas technologies in emerging electrical systems," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 92(C), pages 794-806.
    49. Mikulčić, Hrvoje & von Berg, Eberhard & Vujanović, Milan & Wang, Xuebin & Tan, Houzhang & Duić, Neven, 2016. "Numerical evaluation of different pulverized coal and solid recovered fuel co-firing modes inside a large-scale cement calciner," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 184(C), pages 1292-1305.
    50. Bongartz, Dominik & Doré, Larissa & Eichler, Katharina & Grube, Thomas & Heuser, Benedikt & Hombach, Laura E. & Robinius, Martin & Pischinger, Stefan & Stolten, Detlef & Walther, Grit & Mitsos, Alexan, 2018. "Comparison of light-duty transportation fuels produced from renewable hydrogen and green carbon dioxide," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 231(C), pages 757-767.
    51. Svanberg, Martin & Ellis, Joanne & Lundgren, Joakim & Landälv, Ingvar, 2018. "Renewable methanol as a fuel for the shipping industry," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 94(C), pages 1217-1228.
    52. Ali Naqi & Jeong Gook Jang, 2019. "Recent Progress in Green Cement Technology Utilizing Low-Carbon Emission Fuels and Raw Materials: A Review," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(2), pages 1-18, January.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Østergaard, P.A. & Lund, H. & Thellufsen, J.Z. & Sorknæs, P. & Mathiesen, B.V., 2022. "Review and validation of EnergyPLAN," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 168(C).
    2. Korberg, A.D. & Brynolf, S. & Grahn, M. & Skov, I.R., 2021. "Techno-economic assessment of advanced fuels and propulsion systems in future fossil-free ships," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 142(C).
    3. Bilgili, Levent, 2023. "A systematic review on the acceptance of alternative marine fuels," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 182(C).
    4. Mikulčić, Hrvoje & Ridjan Skov, Iva & Dominković, Dominik Franjo & Wan Alwi, Sharifah Rafidah & Manan, Zainuddin Abdul & Tan, Raymond & Duić, Neven & Hidayah Mohamad, Siti Nur & Wang, Xuebin, 2019. "Flexible Carbon Capture and Utilization technologies in future energy systems and the utilization pathways of captured CO2," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 114(C), pages 1-1.
    5. Lee, Boreum & Park, Junhyung & Lee, Hyunjun & Byun, Manhee & Yoon, Chang Won & Lim, Hankwon, 2019. "Assessment of the economic potential: COx-free hydrogen production from renewables via ammonia decomposition for small-sized H2 refueling stations," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 113(C), pages 1-1.
    6. Jasmine Ramsebner & Reinhard Haas & Amela Ajanovic & Martin Wietschel, 2021. "The sector coupling concept: A critical review," Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Energy and Environment, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 10(4), July.
    7. Bellocchi, Sara & De Falco, Marcello & Gambini, Marco & Manno, Michele & Stilo, Tommaso & Vellini, Michela, 2019. "Opportunities for power-to-Gas and Power-to-liquid in CO2-reduced energy scenarios: The Italian case," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 175(C), pages 847-861.
    8. Masoud Khatibi & Abbas Rabiee & Amir Bagheri, 2023. "Integrated Electricity and Gas Systems Planning: New Opportunities, and a Detailed Assessment of Relevant Issues," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(8), pages 1-32, April.
    9. Sorknæs, P. & Lund, Henrik & Skov, I.R. & Djørup, S. & Skytte, K. & Morthorst, P.E. & Fausto, F., 2020. "Smart Energy Markets - Future electricity, gas and heating markets," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 119(C).
    10. Osorio-Aravena, Juan Carlos & Aghahosseini, Arman & Bogdanov, Dmitrii & Caldera, Upeksha & Ghorbani, Narges & Mensah, Theophilus Nii Odai & Haas, Jannik & Muñoz-Cerón, Emilio & Breyer, Christian, 2023. "Synergies of electrical and sectoral integration: Analysing geographical multi-node scenarios with sector coupling variations for a transition towards a fully renewables-based energy system," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 279(C).
    11. Pastore, Lorenzo Mario & Lo Basso, Gianluigi & de Santoli, Livio, 2022. "Can the renewable energy share increase in electricity and gas grids takes out the competitiveness of gas-driven CHP plants for distributed generation?," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 256(C).
    12. Balali, Yasaman & Stegen, Sascha, 2021. "Review of energy storage systems for vehicles based on technology, environmental impacts, and costs," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 135(C).
    13. Linzenich, Anika & Arning, Katrin & Bongartz, Dominik & Mitsos, Alexander & Ziefle, Martina, 2019. "What fuels the adoption of alternative fuels? Examining preferences of German car drivers for fuel innovations," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 249(C), pages 222-236.
    14. Koj, Jan Christian & Wulf, Christina & Zapp, Petra, 2019. "Environmental impacts of power-to-X systems - A review of technological and methodological choices in Life Cycle Assessments," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 112(C), pages 865-879.
    15. Sillman, Jani & Havukainen, Jouni & Alfasfos, Rami & Elyasi, Nashmin & Lilja, Miro & Ruuskanen, Vesa & Laasonen, Emma & Leppäkoski, Lauri & Uusitalo, Ville & Soukka, Risto, 2024. "Meta-analysis of climate impact reduction potential of hydrogen usage in 9 Power-to-X pathways," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 359(C).
    16. Pastore, Lorenzo Mario & Lo Basso, Gianluigi & Ricciardi, Guido & de Santoli, Livio, 2023. "Smart energy systems for renewable energy communities: A comparative analysis of power-to-X strategies for improving energy self-consumption," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 280(C).
    17. repec:zib:zjmerd:4jmerd2018-22-32 is not listed on IDEAS
    18. Guelpa, Elisa & Bischi, Aldo & Verda, Vittorio & Chertkov, Michael & Lund, Henrik, 2019. "Towards future infrastructures for sustainable multi-energy systems: A review," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 184(C), pages 2-21.
    19. Palakodeti, Advait & Azman, Samet & Rossi, Barbara & Dewil, Raf & Appels, Lise, 2021. "A critical review of ammonia recovery from anaerobic digestate of organic wastes via stripping," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 143(C).
    20. Tubagus Aryandi Gunawan & Alessandro Singlitico & Paul Blount & James Burchill & James G. Carton & Rory F. D. Monaghan, 2020. "At What Cost Can Renewable Hydrogen Offset Fossil Fuel Use in Ireland’s Gas Network?," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(7), pages 1-23, April.
    21. Géremi Gilson Dranka & Paula Ferreira, 2020. "Electric Vehicles and Biofuels Synergies in the Brazilian Energy System," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(17), pages 1-22, August.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:rensus:v:128:y:2020:i:c:s1364032120302185. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/600126/description#description .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.