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Is the glass half full or half empty? Examining the impact of Swatch Bharat interventions on sanitation and hygiene in rural Punjab, India

Author

Listed:
  • Deb, Saubhik
  • Joseph, George
  • Andrés, Luis Alberto
  • Zabludovsky, Jonathan Grabinsky

Abstract

This paper reports the findings of a cluster-randomized control study to assess the impact of India's flagship sanitation program, as implemented in Punjab, that aimed to eliminate the practice of open defecation and improve the awareness and practice of good hygiene across rural Punjab. The study finds that the program interventions specific to the Gram Panchayats (villages) had a modest effect on improving access to toilets and reducing open defecation among households with children in rural Punjab. However, awareness of the importance of handwashing before eating and after defecation among school-going children improved by 8–14 percentage points in treatment arms relative to control, though no significant impact on handwashing practices was observed. Consistent with the problem of implementation failure, the findings indicate the inherent difficulties of implementing bottom-up interventions through a large-scale government program.

Suggested Citation

  • Deb, Saubhik & Joseph, George & Andrés, Luis Alberto & Zabludovsky, Jonathan Grabinsky, 2024. "Is the glass half full or half empty? Examining the impact of Swatch Bharat interventions on sanitation and hygiene in rural Punjab, India," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 170(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:deveco:v:170:y:2024:i:c:s0304387824000440
    DOI: 10.1016/j.jdeveco.2024.103295
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Abramovsky, Laura & Akwunwa, Nneka & Augsburg, Britta & Danladi, Ephraim & Harvey, Erik & Iorkumbur, Emmanuel & Loh, Julia & Lührmann, Melanie & Musa, Abdulazeez & Oko-Williams, Ada & Olorenshaw, Harr, 2025. "Sanitation marketing in Nigeria," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 195(C).
    2. Augsburg, Britta & Foster, Andrew & Johnson, Terence & Lipscomb, Molly, 2024. "Evidence on designing sanitation interventions," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 171(C).

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