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On the ease of being green: An investigation of the inconvenience of electric vehicle charging

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  • Dixon, James
  • Andersen, Peter Bach
  • Bell, Keith
  • Træholt, Chresten

Abstract

This paper presents a quantitative investigation of the inconvenience of electric vehicle (EV) charging relative to internal combustion engine vehicle (ICEV) fuelling in terms of the time penalty likely to be experienced by drivers. A heuristic approach to deriving idealised charging schedules from over 39,000 week-long travel diaries from the UK National Travel Survey is presented in order to quantify the expected convenience parity — the point at which EV charging and ICEV fuelling are of comparable convenience — for combinations of battery capacity, charger power and access to charging at different locations (home, workplace and public destinations). It was found that although the majority — up to 95% — of individuals who can charge at home are expected to be able to reach convenience parity with battery sizes currently available in EV models at the ‘affordable’ end of the market, this is significantly less likely for those who rely on workplace or public charging — and particularly for those who must rely solely on en route charging. These individuals are expected to suffer considerable inconvenience associated with EV charging relative to ICEV fuelling, and although greater battery capacities and charger power ratings are expected to lessen this inconvenience, there remains a significant gap in the convenience of EV ownership between those who can charge while parked at home and those who cannot. Further analysis is carried out to long journeys that cannot be made on a single charge; ‘range anxiety’ being a major obstacle to widespread EV adoption. It was found that if drivers are compliant with the UK Highway Code in taking regular breaks on long journeys, fewer than 0.01% of trips are expected to be delayed by charging when using battery capacities of 40–60 kWh.

Suggested Citation

  • Dixon, James & Andersen, Peter Bach & Bell, Keith & Træholt, Chresten, 2020. "On the ease of being green: An investigation of the inconvenience of electric vehicle charging," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 258(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:258:y:2020:i:c:s0306261919317775
    DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.114090
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    Cited by:

    1. Shafqat Jawad & Junyong Liu, 2020. "Electrical Vehicle Charging Services Planning and Operation with Interdependent Power Networks and Transportation Networks: A Review of the Current Scenario and Future Trends," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(13), pages 1-24, July.
    2. Sevdari, Kristian & Calearo, Lisa & Andersen, Peter Bach & Marinelli, Mattia, 2022. "Ancillary services and electric vehicles: An overview from charging clusters and chargers technology perspectives," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 167(C).
    3. Kondev, Bozhil & Dixon, James & Zhou, Zhaoqi & Sabyrbekov, Rahat & Sultanaliev, Kanat & Hirmer, Stephanie A., 2023. "Putting the foot down: Accelerating EV uptake in Kyrgyzstan," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 131(C), pages 87-96.
    4. Fulin Fan & Giorgio Zorzi & David Campos-Gaona & Graeme Burt & Olimpo Anaya-Lara & John Nwobu & Ander Madariaga, 2021. "Sizing and Coordination Strategies of Battery Energy Storage System Co-Located with Wind Farm: The UK Perspective," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(5), pages 1-21, March.
    5. Dixon, James & Bukhsh, Waqquas & Edmunds, Calum & Bell, Keith, 2020. "Scheduling electric vehicle charging to minimise carbon emissions and wind curtailment," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 161(C), pages 1072-1091.
    6. Edmunds, Calum & Galloway, Stuart & Dixon, James & Bukhsh, Waqquas & Elders, Ian, 2021. "Hosting capacity assessment of heat pumps and optimised electric vehicle charging on low voltage networks," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 298(C).
    7. Zhou, Kaile & Cheng, Lexin & Lu, Xinhui & Wen, Lulu, 2020. "Scheduling model of electric vehicles charging considering inconvenience and dynamic electricity prices," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 276(C).
    8. Leon Fidele Nishimwe H. & Sung-Guk Yoon, 2021. "Combined Optimal Planning and Operation of a Fast EV-Charging Station Integrated with Solar PV and ESS," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(11), pages 1-18, May.
    9. Woo, Soomin & Bae, Sangjae & Moura, Scott J., 2021. "Pareto optimality in cost and service quality for an Electric Vehicle charging facility," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 290(C).
    10. Felipe Gonzalez & Marc Petit & Yannick Perez, 2021. "Plug-in behavior of electric vehicles users: Insights from a large-scale trial and impacts for grid integration studies," Post-Print hal-03363782, HAL.

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