IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/appene/v251y2019ic19.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Power electronics contribution to renewable energy conversion addressing emission reduction: Applications, issues, and recommendations

Author

Listed:
  • Hannan, M.A.
  • Lipu, M.S. Hossain
  • Ker, Pin Jern
  • Begum, R.A.
  • Agelidis, Vasilios G.
  • Blaabjerg, F.

Abstract

Global energy consumption is increasing at a dramatic rate and will likely continue to do so. The major source of energy is still fossil fuel, which has resulted in the well-documented problem of global warming due to the emission of greenhouse gases from the burning of such fuel. Climate change and global warming are among the crucial and complex issues encountered by the world today, and they require an immediate solution. Technological innovation is the key to ensuring energy security without causing emissions and providing efficient cost-effective energy solutions. Power electronic technologies offer high reliability and renewable energy conversion efficiency, thus contributing to energy conservation, improving energy efficiency, and helping in the mitigation of harmful global emissions. This review focuses on various aspects of power electronic technologies and their importance in tackling carbon emission and global warming problems. The key topologies of power electronic converters are explained based on types, control difficulties, benefits, and drawbacks. Power electronic controllers utilized for energy conversion are comprehensively reviewed with regard to their structure, algorithm complexity, strengths and weaknesses, and mathematical modeling. The review focuses on power converters and controllers used in different applications and highlight their contributions to energy conservation, increasing the share of renewable energy sources, and mitigating emissions. Moreover, existing research gaps, issues, and challenges are identified. The insights provided by are expected to lead to the enhanced development of advanced power electronic converters and controllers for sustainable energy conversion. Such development can reduce carbon emissions and mitigate global warming.

Suggested Citation

  • Hannan, M.A. & Lipu, M.S. Hossain & Ker, Pin Jern & Begum, R.A. & Agelidis, Vasilios G. & Blaabjerg, F., 2019. "Power electronics contribution to renewable energy conversion addressing emission reduction: Applications, issues, and recommendations," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 251(C), pages 1-1.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:251:y:2019:i:c:19
    DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.113404
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306261919310785
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.113404?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Zhang, Neng & Sutanto, Danny & Muttaqi, Kashem M., 2016. "A review of topologies of three-port DC–DC converters for the integration of renewable energy and energy storage system," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 56(C), pages 388-401.
    2. Mahammad A. Hannan & Mohammad M. Hoque & Pin J. Ker & Rawshan A. Begum & Azah Mohamed, 2017. "Charge Equalization Controller Algorithm for Series-Connected Lithium-Ion Battery Storage Systems: Modeling and Applications," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(9), pages 1-20, September.
    3. Bizon, Nicu, 2012. "Energy efficiency of multiport power converters used in plug-in/V2G fuel cell vehicles," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 96(C), pages 431-443.
    4. Lu, Shyi-Min, 2016. "A review of high-efficiency motors: Specification, policy, and technology," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 59(C), pages 1-12.
    5. Korompili, Asimenia & Wu, Qiuwei & Zhao, Haoran, 2016. "Review of VSC HVDC connection for offshore wind power integration," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 59(C), pages 1405-1414.
    6. Mahela, Om Prakash & Shaik, Abdul Gafoor, 2015. "A review of distribution static compensator," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 50(C), pages 531-546.
    7. Keshtkar, Azim & Arzanpour, Siamak, 2017. "An adaptive fuzzy logic system for residential energy management in smart grid environments," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 186(P1), pages 68-81.
    8. Singh, Priyanka & Dwivedi, Pragya, 2018. "Integration of new evolutionary approach with artificial neural network for solving short term load forecast problem," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 217(C), pages 537-549.
    9. Zhang, Guidong & Li, Zhong & Zhang, Bo & Halang, Wolfgang A., 2018. "Power electronics converters: Past, present and future," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 81(P2), pages 2028-2044.
    10. Falahati, Saber & Taher, Seyed Abbas & Shahidehpour, Mohammad, 2016. "Grid frequency control with electric vehicles by using of an optimized fuzzy controller," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 178(C), pages 918-928.
    11. Shukla, Rishabh Dev & Tripathi, Ramesh Kumar & Thakur, Padmanabh, 2017. "DC grid/bus tied DFIG based wind energy system," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 108(C), pages 179-193.
    12. Narbel, Patrick André & Hansen, Jan Petter, 2014. "Estimating the cost of future global energy supply," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 34(C), pages 91-97.
    13. Dettori, S. & Iannino, V. & Colla, V. & Signorini, A., 2018. "An adaptive Fuzzy logic-based approach to PID control of steam turbines in solar applications," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 227(C), pages 655-664.
    14. Liu, Li-qun & Liu, Chun-xia, 2016. "VSCs-HVDC may improve the Electrical Grid Architecture in future world," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 62(C), pages 1162-1170.
    15. G, Dileep. & Singh, S.N., 2017. "Selection of non-isolated DC-DC converters for solar photovoltaic system," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 76(C), pages 1230-1247.
    16. Velusami, S. & Singaravelu, S., 2007. "Steady state modeling and fuzzy logic based analysis of wind driven single phase induction generators," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 32(14), pages 2386-2406.
    17. Silva Herran, Diego & Tachiiri, Kaoru & Matsumoto, Ken'ichi, 2019. "Global energy system transformations in mitigation scenarios considering climate uncertainties," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 243(C), pages 119-131.
    18. Wang, Deyun & Luo, Hongyuan & Grunder, Olivier & Lin, Yanbing & Guo, Haixiang, 2017. "Multi-step ahead electricity price forecasting using a hybrid model based on two-layer decomposition technique and BP neural network optimized by firefly algorithm," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 190(C), pages 390-407.
    19. Mahela, Om Prakash & Shaik, Abdul Gafoor, 2017. "Comprehensive overview of grid interfaced solar photovoltaic systems," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 68(P1), pages 316-332.
    20. Ye, Bin & Jiang, JingJing & Li, Changsheng & Miao, Lixin & Tang, Jie, 2017. "Quantification and driving force analysis of provincial-level carbon emissions in China," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 198(C), pages 223-238.
    21. Kang, Feel-soon & Park, Sung-Jun & Cho, Su Eog & Kim, Jang-Mok, 2005. "Photovoltaic power interface circuit incorporated with a buck-boost converter and a full-bridge inverter," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 82(3), pages 266-283, November.
    22. Kanwar, Neeraj & Gupta, Nikhil & Niazi, K.R. & Swarnkar, Anil & Bansal, R.C., 2017. "Simultaneous allocation of distributed energy resource using improved particle swarm optimization," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 185(P2), pages 1684-1693.
    23. Shahbazi, Mahmoud & Poure, Philippe & Saadate, Shahrokh & Zolghadri, Mohammad Reza, 2011. "Five-leg converter topology for wind energy conversion system with doubly fed induction generator," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 36(11), pages 3187-3194.
    24. Lee, Zhi Hua & Sethupathi, Sumathi & Lee, Keat Teong & Bhatia, Subhash & Mohamed, Abdul Rahman, 2013. "An overview on global warming in Southeast Asia: CO2 emission status, efforts done, and barriers," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 28(C), pages 71-81.
    25. Kalair, A. & Abas, N. & Khan, N., 2016. "Comparative study of HVAC and HVDC transmission systems," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 59(C), pages 1653-1675.
    26. Zeng, Zhiqiang & Hong, Mengna & Li, Jigeng & Man, Yi & Liu, Huanbin & Li, Zeeman & Zhang, Huanhuan, 2018. "Integrating process optimization with energy-efficiency scheduling to save energy for paper mills," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 225(C), pages 542-558.
    27. Xu, Shi-Chun & He, Zheng-Xia & Long, Ru-Yin, 2014. "Factors that influence carbon emissions due to energy consumption in China: Decomposition analysis using LMDI," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 127(C), pages 182-193.
    28. Yang, L. & Entchev, E., 2014. "Performance prediction of a hybrid microgeneration system using Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) technique," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 134(C), pages 197-203.
    29. Saravanan, S. & Ramesh Babu, N., 2017. "Analysis and implementation of high step-up DC-DC converter for PV based grid application," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 190(C), pages 64-72.
    30. Spiliotis, Konstantinos & Gonçalves, Juliana E. & Van De Sande, Wieland & Ravyts, Simon & Daenen, Michael & Saelens, Dirk & Baert, Kris & Driesen, Johan, 2019. "Modeling and validation of a DC/DC power converter for building energy simulations: Application to BIPV systems," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 240(C), pages 646-665.
    31. Hanaoka, Tatsuya & Ishitani, Hisashi & Matsuhashi, Ryuji & Yoshida, Yoshikuni, 2002. "Recovery of fluorocarbons in Japan as a measure for abating global warming," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 72(3-4), pages 705-721, July.
    32. Zhifu, Wang & Yupu, Wang & Yinan, Rong, 2017. "Design of closed-loop control system for a bidirectional full bridge DC/DC converter," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 194(C), pages 617-625.
    33. Craig, Christopher A. & Feng, Song, 2017. "Exploring utility organization electricity generation, residential electricity consumption, and energy efficiency: A climatic approach," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 185(P1), pages 779-790.
    34. Narbel, Patrick A. & Hansen, Jan Petter, 2014. "Estimating the cost of future global energy supply," Discussion Papers 2014/14, Norwegian School of Economics, Department of Business and Management Science.
    35. Pelletier, Chloé & Rogaume, Yann & Dieckhoff, Léa & Bardeau, Guillaume & Pons, Marie-Noëlle & Dufour, Anthony, 2019. "Effect of combustion technology and biogenic CO2 impact factor on global warming potential of wood-to-heat chains," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 235(C), pages 1381-1388.
    36. Hossain, M.Z. & Rahim, N.A. & Selvaraj, Jeyraj a/l, 2018. "Recent progress and development on power DC-DC converter topology, control, design and applications: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 81(P1), pages 205-230.
    37. Po-Chen Cheng & Bo-Rei Peng & Yi-Hua Liu & Yu-Shan Cheng & Jia-Wei Huang, 2015. "Optimization of a Fuzzy-Logic-Control-Based MPPT Algorithm Using the Particle Swarm Optimization Technique," Energies, MDPI, vol. 8(6), pages 1-23, June.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Zhang, Jun & Du, Xiong & Qian, Cheng, 2021. "Lifetime improvement for wind power generation system based on optimal effectiveness of thermal management," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 286(C).
    2. M. A. Hannan & Ali Q. Al-Shetwi & M. S. Mollik & Pin Jern Ker & M. Mannan & M. Mansor & Hussein M. K. Al-Masri & T. M. Indra Mahlia, 2023. "Wind Energy Conversions, Controls, and Applications: A Review for Sustainable Technologies and Directions," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(5), pages 1-30, February.
    3. Md. Mosaraf Hossain Khan & Amran Hossain & Aasim Ullah & Molla Shahadat Hossain Lipu & S. M. Shahnewaz Siddiquee & M. Shafiul Alam & Taskin Jamal & Hafiz Ahmed, 2021. "Integration of Large-Scale Electric Vehicles into Utility Grid: An Efficient Approach for Impact Analysis and Power Quality Assessment," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(19), pages 1-18, October.
    4. Arellano-Sánchez, Maria C. & Reyes-Reyes, Juan & Ponce-Silva, Mario & Olivares-Peregrino, Víctor & Astorga-Zaragoza, Carlos, 2020. "Static technologies associated with pedaling energy harvesting through rotary transducers, a review," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 263(C).
    5. Sohrab Mirsaeidi & Subash Devkota & Xiaojun Wang & Dimitrios Tzelepis & Ghulam Abbas & Ahmed Alshahir & Jinghan He, 2022. "A Review on Optimization Objectives for Power System Operation Improvement Using FACTS Devices," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(1), pages 1-24, December.
    6. Qingshan Gong & Yurong Xiong & Zhigang Jiang & Xugang Zhang & Mingmao Hu & Zhanlong Cao, 2022. "Economic, Environmental and Social Benefits Analysis of Remanufacturing Strategies for Used Products," Mathematics, MDPI, vol. 10(21), pages 1-20, October.
    7. Cheng, Bing & He, Liangzong & Li, Le & Liu, Houxuan & Lu, Fengwang, 2023. "Improved wireless power transfer system utilizing a rectifier with nonlinear resistance compression characteristic," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 331(C).
    8. Min Wang & Xiaobin Dong & Youchun Zhai, 2021. "Optimal Configuration of the Integrated Charging Station for PV and Hydrogen Storage," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(21), pages 1-12, October.
    9. Zhou, Wei & Wu, Yue & Huang, Xiang & Lu, Renzhi & Zhang, Hai-Tao, 2022. "A group sparse Bayesian learning algorithm for harmonic state estimation in power systems," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 306(PB).
    10. Péter Földesi & László T. Kóczy & Ferenc Szauter & Dániel Csikor & Szabolcs Kocsis Szürke, 2022. "Hierarchical Diagnostics and Risk Assessment for Energy Supply in Military Vehicles," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(13), pages 1-16, June.
    11. Jahangir Hossain & Aida. F. A. Kadir & Ainain. N. Hanafi & Hussain Shareef & Tamer Khatib & Kyairul. A. Baharin & Mohamad. F. Sulaima, 2023. "A Review on Optimal Energy Management in Commercial Buildings," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(4), pages 1-40, February.
    12. Nguyen-Nghia Do & Bing-Siang Huang & Nhat-Truong Phan & Tan-Tung Nguyen & Jian-Hong Wu & Yu-Chen Liu & Huang-Jen Chiu, 2020. "Design and Implementation of a Control Method for GaN-Based Totem-Pole Boost-Type PFC Rectifier in Energy Storage Systems," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(23), pages 1-18, November.
    13. Tarek Abedin & M. Shahadat Hossain Lipu & Mahammad A. Hannan & Pin Jern Ker & Safwan A. Rahman & Chong Tak Yaw & Sieh K. Tiong & Kashem M. Muttaqi, 2021. "Dynamic Modeling of HVDC for Power System Stability Assessment: A Review, Issues, and Recommendations," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(16), pages 1-25, August.
    14. Huibing Cheng & Shanshui Zheng, 2022. "Incentive Compensation Mechanism for the Infrastructure Construction of Electric Vehicle Battery Swapping Station under Asymmetric Information," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(12), pages 1-18, June.
    15. Larbi Chrifi-Alaoui & Saïd Drid & Mohammed Ouriagli & Driss Mehdi, 2023. "Overview of Photovoltaic and Wind Electrical Power Hybrid Systems," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(12), pages 1-35, June.
    16. Shaheer Ansari & Afida Ayob & Molla S. Hossain Lipu & Mohamad Hanif Md Saad & Aini Hussain, 2021. "A Review of Monitoring Technologies for Solar PV Systems Using Data Processing Modules and Transmission Protocols: Progress, Challenges and Prospects," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(15), pages 1-34, July.
    17. Xu, Weicong & Zhao, Li & Mao, Samuel S. & Deng, Shuai, 2020. "Towards novel low temperature thermodynamic cycle: A critical review originated from organic Rankine cycle," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 270(C).
    18. Shaheer Ansari & Afida Ayob & Molla Shahadat Hossain Lipu & Aini Hussain & Mohamad Hanif Md Saad, 2021. "Data-Driven Remaining Useful Life Prediction for Lithium-Ion Batteries Using Multi-Charging Profile Framework: A Recurrent Neural Network Approach," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(23), pages 1-25, December.
    19. Lei, Biao & Yu, Hai-bin & Li, Guo-qiang & Wu, Yu-Ting & Wang, Wei, 2022. "Thermodynamic investigations on internal generator cooling for hermetic expanders in Organic Rankine Cycles," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 251(C).
    20. Mohamed Mohamed Khaleel & Mohd Rafi Adzman & Samila Mat Zali, 2021. "An Integrated of Hydrogen Fuel Cell to Distribution Network System: Challenging and Opportunity for D-STATCOM," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(21), pages 1-26, October.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Amir, Asim & Amir, Aamir & Che, Hang Seng & Elkhateb, Ahmad & Rahim, Nasrudin Abd, 2019. "Comparative analysis of high voltage gain DC-DC converter topologies for photovoltaic systems," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 136(C), pages 1147-1163.
    2. Reshma Gopi, R. & Sreejith, S., 2018. "Converter topologies in photovoltaic applications – A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 94(C), pages 1-14.
    3. Zhang, Jun & Du, Xiong & Qian, Cheng, 2021. "Lifetime improvement for wind power generation system based on optimal effectiveness of thermal management," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 286(C).
    4. Alassi, Abdulrahman & Bañales, Santiago & Ellabban, Omar & Adam, Grain & MacIver, Callum, 2019. "HVDC Transmission: Technology Review, Market Trends and Future Outlook," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 112(C), pages 530-554.
    5. Hannan, M.A. & Ali, Jamal A. & Mohamed, Azah & Hussain, Aini, 2018. "Optimization techniques to enhance the performance of induction motor drives: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 81(P2), pages 1611-1626.
    6. Wiebe, Kirsten S. & Lutz, Christian, 2016. "Endogenous technological change and the policy mix in renewable power generation," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 60(C), pages 739-751.
    7. van den Broek, Machteld & Berghout, Niels & Rubin, Edward S., 2015. "The potential of renewables versus natural gas with CO2 capture and storage for power generation under CO2 constraints," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 49(C), pages 1296-1322.
    8. Reddy, B. Sudhakara, 2018. "Economic dynamics and technology diffusion in indian power sector," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 120(C), pages 425-435.
    9. Zhu, Jiawei & Lin, Yishuai & Lei, Weidong & Liu, Youquan & Tao, Mengling, 2019. "Optimal household appliances scheduling of multiple smart homes using an improved cooperative algorithm," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 171(C), pages 944-955.
    10. Nansheng Pang & Wenjing Guo, 2019. "Uncertain Hybrid Multiple Attribute Group Decision of Offshore Wind Power Transmission Mode Based on theVIKOR Method," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(21), pages 1-21, November.
    11. Ranjbaran, Parisa & Yousefi, Hossein & Gharehpetian, G.B. & Astaraei, Fatemeh Razi, 2019. "A review on floating photovoltaic (FPV) power generation units," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 110(C), pages 332-347.
    12. Masoumi, A.P. & Tavakolpour-Saleh, A.R. & Rahideh, A., 2020. "Applying a genetic-fuzzy control scheme to an active free piston Stirling engine: Design and experiment," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 268(C).
    13. Batista, N.C. & Melício, R. & Mendes, V.M.F. & Calderón, M. & Ramiro, A., 2015. "On a self-start Darrieus wind turbine: Blade design and field tests," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 52(C), pages 508-522.
    14. Hansen, J.P. & Narbel, P.A. & Aksnes, D.L., 2017. "Limits to growth in the renewable energy sector," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 70(C), pages 769-774.
    15. Wang, Qiang & Luo, Kun & Wu, Chunlei & Fan, Jianren, 2019. "Impact of substantial wind farms on the local and regional atmospheric boundary layer: Case study of Zhangbei wind power base in China," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 183(C), pages 1136-1149.
    16. Edson Bortoni & Zulcy de Souza & Augusto Viana & Helcio Villa-Nova & Ângelo Rezek & Luciano Pinto & Roberto Siniscalchi & Rafael Bragança & José Bernardes, 2019. "The Benefits of Variable Speed Operation in Hydropower Plants Driven by Francis Turbines," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(19), pages 1-20, September.
    17. Shangen Tian & David Campos-Gaona & Vinícius A. Lacerda & Raymundo E. Torres-Olguin & Olimpo Anaya-Lara, 2020. "Novel Control Approach for a Hybrid Grid-Forming HVDC Offshore Transmission System," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(7), pages 1-14, April.
    18. Khoshrou, Abdolrahman & Pauwels, Eric J., 2019. "Short-term scenario-based probabilistic load forecasting: A data-driven approach," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 238(C), pages 1258-1268.
    19. Jabir Ali Ouassou & Julian Straus & Marte Fodstad & Gunhild Reigstad & Ove Wolfgang, 2021. "Applying endogenous learning models in energy system optimization," Papers 2106.06373, arXiv.org.
    20. Jabir Ali Ouassou & Julian Straus & Marte Fodstad & Gunhild Reigstad & Ove Wolfgang, 2021. "Applying Endogenous Learning Models in Energy System Optimization," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(16), pages 1-21, August.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:251:y:2019:i:c:19. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/405891/description#description .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.