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Charge Equalization Controller Algorithm for Series-Connected Lithium-Ion Battery Storage Systems: Modeling and Applications

Author

Listed:
  • Mahammad A. Hannan

    (Department of Electrical Power Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang 43000, Malaysia)

  • Mohammad M. Hoque

    (Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, University of Chittagong, Chittagong 4331, Bangladesh)

  • Pin J. Ker

    (Department of Electrical Power Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang 43000, Malaysia)

  • Rawshan A. Begum

    (Institute of Climate Change, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia)

  • Azah Mohamed

    (Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia)

Abstract

This study aims to develop an accurate model of a charge equalization controller (CEC) that manages individual cell monitoring and equalizing by charging and discharging series-connected lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery cells. In this concept, an intelligent control algorithm is developed to activate bidirectional cell switches and control direct current (DC)–DC converter switches along with pulse width modulation (PWM) generation. Individual models of an electric vehicle (EV)-sustainable Li-ion battery, optimal power rating, a bidirectional flyback DC–DC converter, and charging and discharging controllers are integrated to develop a small-scale CEC model that can be implemented for 10 series-connected Li-ion battery cells. Results show that the charge equalization controller operates at 91% efficiency and performs well in equalizing both overdischarged and overcharged cells on time. Moreover, the outputs of the CEC model show that the desired balancing level occurs at 2% of state of charge difference and that all cells are operated within a normal range. The configuration, execution, control, power loss, cost, size, and efficiency of the developed CEC model are compared with those of existing controllers. The proposed model is proven suitable for high-tech storage systems toward the advancement of sustainable EV technologies and renewable source of applications.

Suggested Citation

  • Mahammad A. Hannan & Mohammad M. Hoque & Pin J. Ker & Rawshan A. Begum & Azah Mohamed, 2017. "Charge Equalization Controller Algorithm for Series-Connected Lithium-Ion Battery Storage Systems: Modeling and Applications," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(9), pages 1-20, September.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:10:y:2017:i:9:p:1390-:d:111811
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Hannan, M.A. & Lipu, M.S.H. & Hussain, A. & Mohamed, A., 2017. "A review of lithium-ion battery state of charge estimation and management system in electric vehicle applications: Challenges and recommendations," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 78(C), pages 834-854.
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    4. Yunlong Shang & Qi Zhang & Naxin Cui & Chenghui Zhang, 2017. "A Cell-to-Cell Equalizer Based on Three-Resonant-State Switched-Capacitor Converters for Series-Connected Battery Strings," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(2), pages 1-15, February.
    5. Hoque, M.M. & Hannan, M.A. & Mohamed, A. & Ayob, A., 2017. "Battery charge equalization controller in electric vehicle applications: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 75(C), pages 1363-1385.
    6. Zheng Chen & Xiaoyu Li & Jiangwei Shen & Wensheng Yan & Renxin Xiao, 2016. "A Novel State of Charge Estimation Algorithm for Lithium-Ion Battery Packs of Electric Vehicles," Energies, MDPI, vol. 9(9), pages 1-15, September.
    7. Xiaoyu Li & Xing Shu & Jiangwei Shen & Renxin Xiao & Wensheng Yan & Zheng Chen, 2017. "An On-Board Remaining Useful Life Estimation Algorithm for Lithium-Ion Batteries of Electric Vehicles," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(5), pages 1-15, May.
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    10. Fang Zhou & Feng Xiao & Cheng Chang & Yulong Shao & Chuanxue Song, 2017. "Adaptive Model Predictive Control-Based Energy Management for Semi-Active Hybrid Energy Storage Systems on Electric Vehicles," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(7), pages 1-21, July.
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    Cited by:

    1. Hannan, M.A. & Lipu, M.S. Hossain & Ker, Pin Jern & Begum, R.A. & Agelidis, Vasilios G. & Blaabjerg, F., 2019. "Power electronics contribution to renewable energy conversion addressing emission reduction: Applications, issues, and recommendations," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 251(C), pages 1-1.
    2. Hong Zhao & Li Wang & Zonghai Chen & Xiangming He, 2019. "Challenges of Fast Charging for Electric Vehicles and the Role of Red Phosphorous as Anode Material: Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(20), pages 1-23, October.
    3. Jiayu Wang & Shuailong Dai & Xi Chen & Xiang Zhang & Zhifei Shan, 2019. "Bidirectional Multi-Input and Multi-Output Energy Equalization Circuit for the Li-Ion Battery String Based on the Game Theory," Complexity, Hindawi, vol. 2019, pages 1-17, June.
    4. Chia-Hsuan Wu & Guan-Rong Huang & Cheng-Chih Chou & Ching-Ming Lai & Liang-Rui Chen, 2021. "A Compensated Peak Current Mode Control PWM for Primary-Side Controlled Flyback Converters," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(22), pages 1-12, November.
    5. Yat Chi Fong & Ka Wai Eric Cheng & S. Raghu Raman & Xiaolin Wang, 2018. "Multi-Port Zero-Current Switching Switched-Capacitor Converters for Battery Management Applications," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(8), pages 1-17, July.
    6. Xintian Liu & Zhihao Wan & Yao He & Xinxin Zheng & Guojian Zeng & Jiangfeng Zhang, 2018. "A Unified Control Strategy for Inductor-Based Active Battery Equalisation Schemes," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(2), pages 1-16, February.
    7. Yao-Ching Hsieh & You-Chun Huang & Po-Chun Chuang, 2020. "A Charge-Equalization Circuit with an Intermediate Resonant Energy Tank," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(24), pages 1-14, December.

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