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Environment and Climate in the Common Agricultural Policy

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  • Pierre Dupraz
  • Hervé Guyomard

Abstract

In the 2014–20 CAP, environment is targeted through a combination of measures in both Pillar 1, through cross‐compliance and green payments, and Pillar 2, mainly through voluntary measures with compensation for cost incurred and income forgone. The European Commission's legislative proposals for the CAP after 2020 would suppress green payments but their objectives would be retained as part of new conditionality requirements. A new environmental instrument would be introduced in Pillar 1, the ‘eco‐scheme’, and the CAP would be implemented through national strategic plans offering Member States large room for manoeuvre in application of the principle of subsidiarity. This article explains the weak environmental effectiveness of the CAP until now. It then analyses the extent to which the European Commission's proposals could improve the regulation of the environment and climate impacts of European agriculture. Pillar 2 measures are largely unchanged with their strengths and weaknesses. There is a risk that short‐run political pressures will lead numerous countries to opt for limited ambition in their eco‐schemes. However, there is an urgent need to tackle climate and biodiversity issues seriously. This could be done following the principles of public economics and environmental federalism. In that perspective, defining simple and robust agri‐environmental indicators is crucial. Dans la PAC 2014–20, l'environnement est ciblé par une combinaison de mesures du premier pilier, par le biais de la conditionnalité et des paiements verts, et de mesures du deuxième pilier, principalement par le biais de mesures volontaires avec compensation des coûts encourus et des pertes de revenus. Les propositions législatives de la Commission européenne relatives à la PAC post‐2020 supprimeraient les paiements verts, mais leurs objectifs seraient maintenus dans le cadre des nouvelles exigences en matière de conditionnalité. Un nouvel instrument environnemental serait introduit dans le premier pilier, le système de programmes écologiques (‘eco‐scheme’), et la PAC serait mise en œuvre par le biais de plans stratégiques nationaux offrant aux États membres une grande marge de manœuvre pour l'application du principe de subsidiarité. Cet article explique la faible efficacité environnementale de la PAC jusqu’à présent. Il analyse ensuite dans quelle mesure les propositions de la Commission européenne pourraient améliorer la gestion des incidences de l'agriculture européenne sur l'environnement et le climat. Les mesures du deuxième pilier sont en grande partie inchangées, avec leurs forces et leurs faiblesses. Les pressions politiques à court terme risquent de conduire de nombreux pays à opter pour une ambition limitée dans leurs programmes écologiques. Cependant, il est urgent de s'attaquer sérieusement aux problèmes liés au climat et à la biodiversité. Cela pourrait se faire selon les principes de l’économie publique et du fédéralisme environnemental. Dans cette perspective, la définition d'indicateurs agroenvironnementaux simples et robustes est cruciale. In der GAP 2014–20 wird die Umwelt durch eine Kombination von Maßnahmen in der 1. Säule – durch Cross‐Compliance und Greening‐Zahlungen – und in der 2. Säule – hauptsächlich durch freiwillige Programme mit einem Ausgleich für entstandene Kosten und Einkommensverluste – angestrebt. Die Gesetzesvorschläge der Europäischen Kommission für die GAP nach 2020 würden Greening‐Zahlungen abschaffen, ihre Ziele würden jedoch als Teil der neuen Verpflichtungen zur Auflagenerfüllung beibehalten werden („Konditionalität”). In der 1. Säule wird ein neues Umweltinstrument, die sogenannten Öko‐Regelungen, eingeführt, und die GAP wird durch nationale Strategiepläne umgesetzt. Letztere geben den Mitgliedstaaten einen großen Handlungsspielraum in der Anwendung des Subsidiaritätsprinzips. Dieser Artikel erklärt die bisher geringe Umwelteffizienz der GAP. Anschließend wird analysiert, inwieweit die Vorschläge der Europäischen Kommission die Regulierung der Umwelt‐ und Klimaauswirkungen der europäischen Landwirtschaft verbessern könnten. Die Maßnahmen der 2. Säule bleiben mit ihren Stärken und Schwächen weitestgehend unverändert. Es besteht die Gefahr, dass kurzfristiger politischer Druck zahlreiche Länder dazu veranlasst, ihre Öko‐Regelungen weniger ambitioniert umzusetzen. Es ist jedoch dringend notwendig, sich ernsthaft mit Fragen des Klimas und der Biodiversität zu befassen. Dies könnte nach den Prinzipien der öffentlichen Wirtschaft und des Umweltföderalismus erfolgen. In dieser Hinsicht ist die Festlegung einfacher und robuster Agrarumweltindikatoren von entscheidender Bedeutung.

Suggested Citation

  • Pierre Dupraz & Hervé Guyomard, 2019. "Environment and Climate in the Common Agricultural Policy," EuroChoices, The Agricultural Economics Society, vol. 18(1), pages 18-25, April.
  • Handle: RePEc:bla:eurcho:v:18:y:2019:i:1:p:18-25
    DOI: 10.1111/1746-692X.12219
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    1. Wallace E. Oates & Wallace E. Oates, 2004. "A Reconsideration of Environmental Federalism," Chapters, in: Environmental Policy and Fiscal Federalism, chapter 7, pages 125-156, Edward Elgar Publishing.
    2. Yann Desjeux & Pierre Dupraz & Tom Kuhlman & Maria Luisa Paracchini & Rolf Michels & Élise Maigné & Stijn Reinhard, 2015. "Evaluating the impact of rural development measures on nature value indicators at different spatial levels: Application to France and The Netherlands," Post-Print hal-02638882, HAL.
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    1. Christian Stetter & Philipp Mennig & Johannes Sauer, 2022. "Using Machine Learning to Identify Heterogeneous Impacts of Agri-Environment Schemes in the EU: A Case Study," European Review of Agricultural Economics, Oxford University Press and the European Agricultural and Applied Economics Publications Foundation, vol. 49(4), pages 723-759.
    2. Vincent Chatellier & Cécile Détang-Dessendre & Pierre P. Dupraz & Hervé Guyomard, 2021. "The sensitivity of the income of French farms to a reorientation of aid under the future post-2023 CAP [La sensibilité du revenu des exploitations agricoles françaises à une réorientation des aides," Post-Print hal-03514845, HAL.
    3. Colombo, Sergio & Castro-Rodríguez, Juan & Peréz-Pérez, Daniel & Almagro, María, 2024. "Analysis of the environmental and economic performance of common agricultural policy eco-schemes in soil organic carbon sequestration," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 220(C).
    4. Guyomard, Hervé & Détang-Dessendre, Cécile & Dupraz, Pierre & Gohin, Alexandre & Requillart, Vincent & Soler, Louis-Georges & Chatellier, Vincent & Brennetot, Claire & Dedieu, Benoît & Delaby, Luc & P, 2020. "La PAC de l’après 2020 : éclairages de la recherche," Économie rurale, French Society of Rural Economics (SFER Société Française d'Economie Rurale), vol. 372(April-Jun).
    5. Cécile Détang-Dessendre & Hervé Guyomard & Vincent Réquillart & Louis-Georges Soler, 2020. "Changing Agricultural Systems and Food Diets to Prevent and Mitigate Global Health Shocks," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(16), pages 1-13, August.
    6. Elodie Letort & Fanny Le Gloux & Pierre P. Dupraz, 2021. "How can health concerns improve environmental public good provision through labels?," Post-Print hal-03338427, HAL.
    7. Bredemeier, Birte & Herrmann, Sylvia & Sattler, Claudia & Prager, Katrin & van Bussel, Lenny G.J. & Rex, Julia, 2022. "Insights into innovative contract design to improve the integration of biodiversity and ecosystem services in agricultural management," Ecosystem Services, Elsevier, vol. 55(C).
    8. Haddad, Salwa & Escobar, Neus & Bruckner, Martin & Britz, Wolfgang, 2022. "Promoting extensive cattle production in the European Union has major implications for global agricultural trade and climate change," Discussion Papers 324710, University of Bonn, Institute for Food and Resource Economics.
    9. Elena Toma & Paula Stoicea & Carina Dobre & Adina Iorga, 2023. "The Effect of Eco-Scheme Support on Romanian Farms—A Gini Index Decomposition by Income Source at Farm Level," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 13(9), pages 1-15, August.
    10. Dupraz, Pierre, 2021. "Policies for the ecological transition of agriculture: the livestock issue," Review of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Studies, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), vol. 101(4), January.
    11. Bernardo Martin-Gorriz & José A. Zabala & Virginia Sánchez-Navarro & Belén Gallego-Elvira & Víctor Martínez-García & Francisco Alcon & José Francisco Maestre-Valero, 2022. "Intercropping Practices in Mediterranean Mandarin Orchards from an Environmental and Economic Perspective," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 12(5), pages 1-17, April.
    12. Bartkowski, Bartosz & Droste, Nils & Ließ, Mareike & Sidemo-Holm, William & Weller, Ulrich & Brady, Mark V., 2021. "Payments by modelled results: A novel design for agri-environmental schemes," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 102(C).
    13. H. Guyomard & Zohra Bouamra-Mechemache & Vincent Chatellier & Luc Delaby & Cécile Détang-Dessendre & Jean-Louis Peyraud & Vincent Requillart, 2021. "Why and how to regulate animal production and consumption: the case of the European Union," Post-Print hal-03312770, HAL.
    14. Kathleen Schwerdtner Máñez & Wanda Born & Susanne Stoll-Kleemann, 2023. "Turning the Tide: An Analysis of Factors Influencing the Adoption of Biodiversity-Enhancing Measures on Agricultural Land at the German Baltic Coast," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(1), pages 1-18, December.
    15. Helena Guimarães, M. & Pinto-Correia, Teresa & de Belém Costa Freitas, Maria & Ferraz-de-Oliveira, Isabel & Sales-Baptista, Elvira & da Veiga, José Francisco Ferragolo & Tiago Marques, J. & Pinto-Cruz, 2023. "Farming for nature in the Montado: the application of ecosystem services in a results-based model," Ecosystem Services, Elsevier, vol. 61(C).
    16. Yannis E. Doukas & Luca Salvati & Ioannis Vardopoulos, 2023. "Unraveling the European Agricultural Policy Sustainable Development Trajectory," Land, MDPI, vol. 12(9), pages 1-24, September.

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