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Nexus among Democracy, Human Resource Development, and Income Inequality: Three Stage Least Square Estimation for 47 Developing Economies

Author

Listed:
  • Tusawar Iftikhar Ahmad

    (Associate Professor, Department of Economics, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan)

  • Abdul Rehman

    (Visiting Lecturer, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Rahim Yar Khan Campus, Pakistan)

  • Abid Mehmood

    (Assistant Professor, Department of Business Administration, Iqra University, Karachi, Pakistan)

  • Nosheena Sattar

    (M.Phil. Economics, Department of Management Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Vehari Campus, Pakistan)

Abstract

The purpose behind conducting this study was to examine the relationship among democracy, human resource development and income inequality in developing countries. For this, the study specified three econometric models. The study used panel data for the period 1995 to 2016. First, we have checked the stationarity of variables through Levin, Lin chu (LLC) and IPS test. We used three stage least square (3SLS) for our analysis. Results of model 1 found that income inequality, corruption, and the population had a negative effect on democracy, while human resource development and GDP per capita have a positive effect. In Model-II, income inequality, unemployment and inflation had a negative effect on human resource development, while foreign direct investment, remittances, and democracy had a positive effect. In Model-III results found that human resource development, democracy, GDP per capita and corruption were related negatively to income inequality, while inflation was positively related to income inequality.

Suggested Citation

  • Tusawar Iftikhar Ahmad & Abdul Rehman & Abid Mehmood & Nosheena Sattar, 2022. "Nexus among Democracy, Human Resource Development, and Income Inequality: Three Stage Least Square Estimation for 47 Developing Economies," iRASD Journal of Economics, International Research Alliance for Sustainable Development (iRASD), vol. 4(4), pages 607-620, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:ani:irdjoe:v:4:y:2022:i:4:p:607-620
    DOI: 10.52131/joe.2022.0404.0102
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    References listed on IDEAS

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