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Energy productivity across developed and developing countries in 10 manufacturing sectors: Patterns of growth and convergence

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Cited by:

  1. Wang, Zhao-Hua & Zeng, Hua-Lin & Wei, Yi-Ming & Zhang, Yi-Xiang, 2012. "Regional total factor energy efficiency: An empirical analysis of industrial sector in China," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 97(C), pages 115-123.
  2. Mishra, Vinod & Smyth, Russell, 2014. "Convergence in energy consumption per capita among ASEAN countries," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 73(C), pages 180-185.
  3. Mulder, Peter & de Groot, Henri L.F. & Pfeiffer, Birte, 2014. "Dynamics and determinants of energy intensity in the service sector: A cross-country analysis, 1980–2005," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 100(C), pages 1-15.
  4. Baran Doda, 2018. "Tales From The Tails: Sector-Level Carbon Intensity Distribution," Climate Change Economics (CCE), World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., vol. 9(04), pages 1-27, November.
  5. Mulder, Peter & de Groot, Henri L.F., 2012. "Structural change and convergence of energy intensity across OECD countries, 1970–2005," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 34(6), pages 1910-1921.
  6. Gutiérrez-Pedrero, María Jesús & Tarancón, Miguel Ángel & del Río, Pablo & Alcántara, Vicent, 2018. "Analysing the drivers of the intensity of electricity consumption of non-residential sectors in Europe," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 211(C), pages 743-754.
  7. Payne, James E. & Vizek, Maruška & Lee, Junsoo, 2017. "Stochastic convergence in per capita fossil fuel consumption in U.S. states," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 62(C), pages 382-395.
  8. Juan Antonio Duro Moreno & Emilio Padilla Rosa, "undated". "Análisis De Los Factores Determinantes De Las Desigualdades Internacionales En Las Emisiones De Co2 Per Cápita Aplicando El Enfoque Distributivo: Una Metodología De Descomposición Por Factores De Kaya," Working Papers 25-05 Classification-JEL , Instituto de Estudios Fiscales.
  9. repec:dau:papers:123456789/6801 is not listed on IDEAS
  10. Grether, Jean-Marie & Mathys, Nicole A. & de Melo, Jaime, 2007. "Trade, Technique and Composition Effects: What is Behind the Fall in World-Wide SO2 Emissions 1990-2000?," Economic Theory and Applications Working Papers 7448, Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei (FEEM).
  11. Karimu, Amin & Brännlund, Runar & Lundgren, Tommy & Söderholm, Patrik, 2017. "Energy intensity and convergence in Swedish industry: A combined econometric and decomposition analysis," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 62(C), pages 347-356.
  12. Honma, Satoshi & Hu, Jin-Li, 2014. "A panel data parametric frontier technique for measuring total-factor energy efficiency: An application to Japanese regions," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 78(C), pages 732-739.
  13. Ma, Le & Hosseini, M. Reza & Jiang, Weiling & Martek, Igor & Mills, Anthony, 2018. "Energy productivity convergence within the Australian construction industry: A panel data study," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 72(C), pages 313-320.
  14. Mohammadi, Hassan & Ram, Rati, 2017. "Convergence in energy consumption per capita across the US states, 1970–2013: An exploration through selected parametric and non-parametric methods," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 62(C), pages 404-410.
  15. Serrenho, André Cabrera & Sousa, Tânia & Warr, Benjamin & Ayres, Robert U. & Domingos, Tiago, 2014. "Decomposition of useful work intensity: The EU (European Union)-15 countries from 1960 to 2009," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 76(C), pages 704-715.
  16. Meyabadi, A. Fattahi & Deihimi, M.H., 2017. "A review of demand-side management: Reconsidering theoretical framework," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 80(C), pages 367-379.
  17. Jung‐Ah Hwang & Yeonbae Kim, 2017. "Effects of Environmental Regulations on Trade Flow in Manufacturing Sectors: Comparison of Static and Dynamic Effects of Environmental Regulations," Business Strategy and the Environment, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 26(5), pages 688-706, July.
  18. Ku-Hsieh Chen & Jen-Chi Cheng & Joe-Ming Lee & Liou-Yuan Li & Sheng-Yu Peng, 2020. "Energy Efficiency: Indicator, Estimation, and a New Idea," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(12), pages 1-19, June.
  19. Teixidó Figueras, Jordi & Duro Moreno, Juan Antonio, 2012. "Ecological Footprint Inequality: A methodological review and some results," Working Papers 2072/203168, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Department of Economics.
  20. Kim, Young Se, 2015. "Electricity consumption and economic development: Are countries converging to a common trend?," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 49(C), pages 192-202.
  21. Wan, Jun & Baylis, Kathy & Mulder, Peter, 2015. "Trade-facilitated technology spillovers in energy productivity convergence processes across EU countries," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 48(C), pages 253-264.
  22. Le Pen, Yannick & Sévi, Benoît, 2010. "On the non-convergence of energy intensities: Evidence from a pair-wise econometric approach," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 69(3), pages 641-650, January.
  23. Lucia Lavric & Nick Hanley, 2014. "The effects of energy costs on firm re-location decisions," Discussion Papers in Environment and Development Economics 2014-02, University of St. Andrews, School of Geography and Sustainable Development.
  24. Payne, James E. & Vizek, Maruška & Lee, Junsoo, 2017. "Is there convergence in per capita renewable energy consumption across U.S. States? Evidence from LM and RALS-LM unit root tests with breaks," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 70(C), pages 715-728.
  25. Kounetas, Konstantinos Elias, 2018. "Energy consumption and CO2 emissions convergence in European Union member countries. A tonneau des Danaides?," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 69(C), pages 111-127.
  26. Nguyen, Manh-Hung & Nguyen-Van, Phu, 2010. "Growth and convergence in a model with renewable and non-renewable resources: existence, transitional dynamics, and empirical evidence," TSE Working Papers 10-210, Toulouse School of Economics (TSE).
  27. Dayong Zhang and David C. Broadstock, 2016. "Club Convergence in the Energy Intensity of China," The Energy Journal, International Association for Energy Economics, vol. 0(Number 3).
  28. Calcagnini, Giorgio & Giombini, Germana & Travaglini, Giuseppe, 2016. "Modelling energy intensity, pollution per capita and productivity in Italy: A structural VAR approach," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 59(C), pages 1482-1492.
  29. Amador, João, 2012. "Energy content in manufacturing exports: A cross-country analysis," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 34(4), pages 1074-1081.
  30. Bretschger, Lucas, 2015. "Energy prices, growth, and the channels in between: Theory and evidence," Resource and Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 39(C), pages 29-52.
  31. Jean-Marie Grether & Nicole Mathys & Jaime Melo, 2010. "Global manufacturing SO 2 emissions: does trade matter?," Review of World Economics (Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv), Springer;Institut für Weltwirtschaft (Kiel Institute for the World Economy), vol. 145(4), pages 713-729, January.
  32. Duro, Juan Antonio & Padilla, Emilio, 2011. "Inequality across countries in energy intensities: An analysis of the role of energy transformation and final energy consumption," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 33(3), pages 474-479, May.
  33. Balado-Naves, Roberto & Baños-Pino, José Francisco & Mayor, Matías, 2023. "Spatial spillovers and world energy intensity convergence," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 124(C).
  34. Liangjun Yi & Wei Zhang & Yuanxin Liu & Weilin Zhang, 2021. "An Analysis of the Impact of Market Segmentation on Energy Efficiency: A Spatial Econometric Model Applied in China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(14), pages 1-23, July.
  35. Yang, Wei & Shi, Jinfeng & Qiao, Han & Shao, Yanmin & Wang, Shouyang, 2017. "Regional technical efficiency of Chinese Iron and steel industry based on bootstrap network data envelopment analysis," Socio-Economic Planning Sciences, Elsevier, vol. 57(C), pages 14-24.
  36. Teixidó-Figueras, Jordi & Duro, Juan Antonio, 2015. "The building blocks of International Ecological Footprint inequality: A Regression-Based Decomposition," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 118(C), pages 30-39.
  37. Carlo Andrea Bollino & Marzio Galeotti, 2021. "On the Water-Energy-Food Nexus: Is there Multivariate Convergence?," Working Papers 2021.06, Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei.
  38. Jordi Teixidó-Figueras & Juan Duro, 2015. "International Ecological Footprint Inequality: A Methodological Review and Some Results," Environmental & Resource Economics, Springer;European Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, vol. 60(4), pages 607-631, April.
  39. Liddle, Brantley, 2012. "OECD Energy Intensity: Measures, Trends, and Convergence," MPRA Paper 52085, University Library of Munich, Germany.
  40. Tol, Richard S.J., 2007. "Carbon dioxide emission scenarios for the USA," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 35(11), pages 5310-5326, November.
  41. Peter Mulder & Raymond J.G.M. Florax & Henri L.F. de Groot, 2011. "A Spatial Perspective on Global Energy Productivity Trends," Chapters, in: Raymond J.G.M. Florax & Henri L.F. de Groot & Peter Mulder (ed.), Improving Energy Efficiency through Technology, chapter 2, Edward Elgar Publishing.
  42. Song, Yang & Liu, Dayu & Wang, Qiaoru, 2021. "Identifying characteristic changes in club convergence of China's urban pollution emission: A spatial-temporal feature analysis," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 98(C).
  43. Manuel Llorca & Ana Rodriguez-Alvarez, 2023. "Economic, Environmental, and Energy Equity Convergence: Evidence of a Multi-Speed Europe?," Efficiency Series Papers 2023/05, University of Oviedo, Department of Economics, Oviedo Efficiency Group (OEG).
  44. Grottera, Carolina & Barbier, Carine & Sanches-Pereira, Alessandro & Abreu, Mariana Weiss de & Uchôa, Christiane & Tudeschini, Luís Gustavo & Cayla, Jean-Michel & Nadaud, Franck & Pereira Jr, Amaro Ol, 2018. "Linking electricity consumption of home appliances and standard of living: A comparison between Brazilian and French households," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 94(C), pages 877-888.
  45. Yueju Wang & Xingpeng Chen & Zilong Zhang & Bing Xue & Chenyu Lu, 2019. "Cross-City Convergence in Urban Green Space Coverage in China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(17), pages 1-11, August.
  46. LAWSON, Laté A. & MARTINO, Roberto & NGUYEN-VAN, Phu, 2020. "Environmental convergence and environmental Kuznets curve: A unified empirical framework," Ecological Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 437(C).
  47. Ivanovski, Kris & Awaworyi Churchill, Sefa & Smyth, Russell, 2018. "A club convergence analysis of per capita energy consumption across Australian regions and sectors," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 76(C), pages 519-531.
  48. Chen, Chung-Chiang, 2011. "An analytical framework for energy policy evaluation," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 36(10), pages 2694-2702.
  49. Romero-Ávila, Diego, 2008. "Convergence in carbon dioxide emissions among industrialised countries revisited," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 30(5), pages 2265-2282, September.
  50. Mulder, Peter & de Groot, Henri L.F., 2013. "Dutch sectoral energy intensity developments in international perspective, 1987–2005," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 52(C), pages 501-512.
  51. González-Álvarez, María A. & Montañés, Antonio & Olmos, Lorena, 2020. "Towards a sustainable energy scenario? A worldwide analysis," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 87(C).
  52. Chang, Tzu-Pu & Hu, Jin-Li, 2010. "Total-factor energy productivity growth, technical progress, and efficiency change: An empirical study of China," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 87(10), pages 3262-3270, October.
  53. Liu, Yang & Zhong, Sheng, 2021. "Cross-Economy Dynamics in Energy Productivity: Evidence from 47 Economies over the Period 2000–2015," ADBI Working Papers 1215, Asian Development Bank Institute.
  54. Roberto Martino & Phu Nguyen-Van, 2016. "Environmental Kuznets curve and environmental convergence: A unified empirical framework for CO2 emissions," Working Papers of BETA 2016-18, Bureau d'Economie Théorique et Appliquée, UDS, Strasbourg.
  55. Michée A. Lachaud & Boris E. Bravo‐Ureta, 2021. "Agricultural productivity growth in Latin America and the Caribbean: an analysis of climatic effects, catch‐up and convergence," Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, Australian Agricultural and Resource Economics Society, vol. 65(1), pages 143-170, January.
  56. Han, Lei & Han, Botang & Shi, Xunpeng & Su, Bin & Lv, Xin & Lei, Xiao, 2018. "Energy efficiency convergence across countries in the context of China’s Belt and Road initiative," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 213(C), pages 112-122.
  57. Raymond J.G.M. Florax & Henri L.F. de Groot & Peter Mulder, 2011. "Energy Efficiency and Technological Change," Chapters, in: Raymond J.G.M. Florax & Henri L.F. de Groot & Peter Mulder (ed.), Improving Energy Efficiency through Technology, chapter 1, Edward Elgar Publishing.
  58. Jiang, Lei & Folmer, Henk & Ji, Minhe & Zhou, P., 2018. "Revisiting cross-province energy intensity convergence in China: A spatial panel analysis," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 121(C), pages 252-263.
  59. Peter Mulder & Henri Groot, 2007. "Sectoral Energy- and Labour-Productivity Convergence," Environmental & Resource Economics, Springer;European Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, vol. 36(1), pages 85-112, January.
  60. Qu, Chenyao & Shao, Jun & Shi, Zhenkai, 2020. "Does financial agglomeration promote the increase of energy efficiency in China?," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 146(C).
  61. Mishra, Vinod & Smyth, Russell, 2017. "Conditional convergence in Australia's energy consumption at the sector level," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 62(C), pages 396-403.
  62. Parker, Steven & Liddle, Brantley, 2017. "Economy-wide and manufacturing energy productivity transition paths and club convergence for OECD and non-OECD countries," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 62(C), pages 338-346.
  63. Wang, Na & Fu, Xiaodong & Wang, Shaobin & Yang, Hao & Li, Zhen, 2022. "Convergence characteristics and distribution patterns of residential electricity consumption in China: An urban-rural gap perspective," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 254(PB).
  64. Burke, Paul J. & Csereklyei, Zsuzsanna, 2016. "Understanding the energy-GDP elasticity: A sectoral approach," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 58(C), pages 199-210.
  65. Ming Luo & Ruguo Fan & Yingqing Zhang, 2017. "A Study on China’s Urban Electricity Productivity Convergence with Spatial Smooth Transition Effect," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 9(8), pages 1-18, August.
  66. Su, Hongwei & Liang, Biming, 2021. "The impact of regional market integration and economic opening up on environmental total factor energy productivity in Chinese provinces," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 148(PA).
  67. Duro, Juan Antonio & Alcántara, Vicent & Padilla, Emilio, 2010. "International inequality in energy intensity levels and the role of production composition and energy efficiency: An analysis of OECD countries," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 69(12), pages 2468-2474, October.
  68. Dmitry Burakov, 2016. "Elasticity of Energy Intensity on a Regional Scale: An Empirical Study of International Trade Channel," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, vol. 6(1), pages 65-75.
  69. Persson, Tobias A. & Colpier, Ulrika Claeson & Azar, Christian, 2007. "Adoption of carbon dioxide efficient technologies and practices: An analysis of sector-specific convergence trends among 12 nations," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 35(5), pages 2869-2878, May.
  70. Serrenho, André Cabrera & Warr, Benjamin & Sousa, Tânia & Ayres, Robert U. & Domingos, Tiago, 2016. "Structure and dynamics of useful work along the agriculture-industry-services transition: Portugal from 1856 to 2009," Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, Elsevier, vol. 36(C), pages 1-21.
  71. Brännlund, Runar & Lundgren, Tommy & Söderholm, Patrik, 2015. "Convergence of carbon dioxide performance across Swedish industrial sectors: An environmental index approach," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 51(C), pages 227-235.
  72. Le Pen, Yannick & Sévi, Benoît, 2010. "What trends in energy efficiencies? Evidence from a robust test," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 32(3), pages 702-708, May.
  73. Bhattacharya, Mita & Inekwe, John Nkwoma & Sadorsky, Perry & Saha, Anjan, 2018. "Convergence of energy productivity across Indian states and territories," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 74(C), pages 427-440.
  74. Schenk, Niels J. & Moll, Henri C., 2007. "The use of physical indicators for industrial energy demand scenarios," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 63(2-3), pages 521-535, August.
  75. Honma, Satoshi & Hu, Jin-Li, 2014. "Industry-level total-factor energy efficiency in developed countries: A Japan-centered analysis," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 119(C), pages 67-78.
  76. repec:sss:wpaper:201402 is not listed on IDEAS
  77. Mohammadi, Hassan & Ram, Rati, 2012. "Cross-country convergence in energy and electricity consumption, 1971–2007," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 34(6), pages 1882-1887.
  78. Meng, Ming & Payne, James E. & Lee, Junsoo, 2013. "Convergence in per capita energy use among OECD countries," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 36(C), pages 536-545.
  79. Victor Moutinho, 2015. "Is there Convergence and Causality between the Drivers of Energy-Related Carbon Dioxide Emissions among the Portuguese Tourism Industry?," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, vol. 5(3), pages 828-840.
  80. Huo, Da & Zhang, Xiaotao & Meng, Shuang & Wu, Gang & Li, Junhang & Di, Ruoqi, 2022. "Green finance and energy efficiency: Dynamic study of the spatial externality of institutional support in a digital economy by using hidden Markov chain," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 116(C).
  81. Parker, Steven & Liddle, Brant, 2017. "Analysing energy productivity dynamics in the OECD manufacturing sector," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 67(C), pages 91-97.
  82. Liddle, Brantley, 2010. "Revisiting world energy intensity convergence for regional differences," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 87(10), pages 3218-3225, October.
  83. Romero-Ávila, Diego & Omay, Tolga, 2022. "Convergence of per capita energy consumption around the world: New evidence from nonlinear panel unit root tests," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 111(C).
  84. Liu, Tie-Ying & Lee, Chien-Chiang, 2020. "Convergence of the world’s energy use," Resource and Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 62(C).
  85. Wang, Xuliang & Xu, Lulu & Ye, Qin & He, Shi & Liu, Yi, 2022. "How does services agglomeration affect the energy efficiency of the service sector? Evidence from China," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 112(C).
  86. Peter Mulder, 2015. "International Specialization, Structural Change and the Evolution of Manufacturing Energy Intensity in OECD Countries," The Energy Journal, International Association for Energy Economics, vol. 0(Number 3).
  87. Duro, Juan Antonio & Padilla, Emilio, 2006. "International inequalities in per capita CO2 emissions: A decomposition methodology by Kaya factors," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 28(2), pages 170-187, March.
  88. Cebula, Richard J. & Connaughton, John E. & Swartz , Caroline, 2020. "Right-to-Work Laws as Economic Freedom: Their Role in Influencing the Geographic Pattern of Manufacturing Jobs, Incomes, and Finances," American Business Review, Pompea College of Business, University of New Haven, vol. 23(2), pages 431-450, November.
  89. Kerner, Philip & Wendler, Tobias, 2022. "Convergence in resource productivity," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 158(C).
  90. Zwane, Talent & Biyase, Mduduzi & Maleka, Mokgadi & Maluleka, Abelwe, 2020. "Technical Efficiency and Economic Growth in the SADC Region," Economia Internazionale / International Economics, Camera di Commercio Industria Artigianato Agricoltura di Genova, vol. 73(2), pages 307-324.
  91. Shuai, Chenyang & Shen, Liyin & Jiao, Liudan & Wu, Ya & Tan, Yongtao, 2017. "Identifying key impact factors on carbon emission: Evidences from panel and time-series data of 125 countries from 1990 to 2011," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 187(C), pages 310-325.
  92. Yilmaz Bayar & Marius Dan Gavriletea, 2019. "Energy efficiency, renewable energy, economic growth: evidence from emerging market economies," Quality & Quantity: International Journal of Methodology, Springer, vol. 53(4), pages 2221-2234, July.
  93. Jianhuan Huang & Yantuan Yu & Chunbo Ma, 2018. "Energy Efficiency Convergence in China: Catch-Up, Lock-In and Regulatory Uniformity," Environmental & Resource Economics, Springer;European Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, vol. 70(1), pages 107-130, May.
  94. Luqman, Muhammad & Ahmad, Najid & Bakhsh, Khuda, 2019. "Nuclear energy, renewable energy and economic growth in Pakistan: Evidence from non-linear autoregressive distributed lag model," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 139(C), pages 1299-1309.
  95. Tugcu, Can Tansel & Tiwari, Aviral Kumar, 2016. "Does renewable and/or non-renewable energy consumption matter for total factor productivity (TFP) growth? Evidence from the BRICS," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 65(C), pages 610-616.
  96. Wang, Chunhua, 2013. "Changing energy intensity of economies in the world and its decomposition," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 40(C), pages 637-644.
  97. Wenhao Qi & Changxing Song & Meng Sun & Liguo Wang & Youcheng Han, 2022. "Sustainable Growth Drivers: Unveiling the Role Played by Carbon Productivity," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(3), pages 1-25, January.
  98. Chen, Xiude & Qin, Quande & Wei, Y.-M., 2016. "Energy productivity and Chinese local officials’ promotions: Evidence from provincial governors," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 95(C), pages 103-112.
  99. Yu, Shiwei & Liu, Jie & Hu, Xing & Tian, Peng, 2022. "Does development of renewable energy reduce energy intensity? Evidence from 82 countries," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 174(C).
  100. Peng, Hua-Rong & Tan, Xiujie & Managi, Shunsuke & Taghizadeh-Hesary, Farhad, 2022. "Club convergence in energy efficiency of Belt and Road Initiative countries: The role of China’s outward foreign direct investment," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 168(C).
  101. Moutinho, Victor & Robaina-Alves, Margarita & Mota, Jorge, 2014. "Carbon dioxide emissions intensity of Portuguese industry and energy sectors: A convergence analysis and econometric approach," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 40(C), pages 438-449.
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