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Kültür ve Ekonomik Başarı
[Culture and Economic Success]

Author

Listed:
  • Ozbugday, Fatih Cemil

Abstract

Kültürün rolüne dair yeni bir paradigma, kültürün, sürdürülebilir kalkınmayı mümkün kılmak veya ekonomik başarı elde etmek üzere bireyler ve toplumlar için zengin bir varlık olduğudur. Kültür, pek çok kanal aracılığıyla, ekonomik performansa ve kalkınmaya önemli katkılarda bulunur. Bunlar, kısaca şu şekilde özetlenebilir (Sen, 2004, s. 39-43): 1. Kalkınmayı oluşturan unsurlardan biri olarak kültür: Kalkınma için gerekli bir şart olan refahın artması ve özgürlüklerin genişlemesi, ancak müzik, edebiyat, güzel sanatlar veya diğer kültürel ifade ve pratiklerin yaşamlarımızı zenginleştirmesiyle mümkün olabilir. Kişi başına oldukça yüksek bir gayri safi milli hasılaya (GSMH) ancak çok düşük müziğe, sanata, edebiyata vs. sahip olmak bir ekonomik kalkınma başarısı değildir. 2. Ekonomik olarak kazançlı kültürel faaliyetler ve nesneler: Ekonomik getirisi olan çeşitli faaliyetler doğrudan veya dolaylı olarak kültürel olanaklara ve daha genel olarak kültürel çevreye bağlı olabilir. Kültürel turizm, bunun bir örneğidir. Müzik, dans ve diğer kültürel aktiviteler de oldukça büyük –hatta küresel- ticari pazarlar oluşturabilir. 3. Kültürel faktörler ekonomik davranışı şekillendirir: Pek çok iktisatçı, bireylerin izole bir şekilde kişisel çıkarlarını ençoklayacak bir biçimde davrandığını düşünse de gerçekte bu durum genelde böyle değildir. Kültürel faktörler; iş etiği, sorumlu davranış, risk alma iştahı, girişimcilik gibi ekonomik başarıyı etkileyebilecek birçok insan davranışı üzerinde önemli bir etkiye sahiptir. Ayrıca, ekonomik ürünlerin değiş-tokuşunun başarılı bir şekilde işletilmesi, yine kültürle ilişkili olan karşılıklı güvene ve örtük normlara bağlıdır. 4. Kültür ve siyasi katılım: Sivil etkileşimlere ve siyasi faaliyetlere katılım kültürel koşullardan etkilenir. Kamusal tartışma ve katılımcı etkileşimler geleneği, siyaset süreci için gereklidir ve demokrasinin kurulması, korunması ve uygulanması için önemli olabilir. Katılım kültürü, önemli bir sivil erdemdir. 5. Sosyal dayanışma ve birlik: Ekonomik etkileşimler ve politik katılımın yanı sıra, toplumsal dayanışma ve karşılıklı desteğin işletilmesi de kültürden etkilenebilir. Sosyal yaşamın başarısı, büyük ölçüde insanların birbirleri için yapabilecekleri şeylere (daha az şanslı olan kişilerin bakımı, ortak varlıkların korunması vs.) bağlıdır. Bir topluluktaki, diğerlerine yakınlık duygusu, bu topluluk için büyük bir varlık olabilir. 6. Kültürel sahalar ve geçmiş miras: Bir topluluğun veya ülkenin kültürel tarihinin sistematik bir şekilde keşfedilmesi, o topluluğun veya ülkenin geçmişinin daha açık ve geniş bir şekilde anlaşılmasını sağlar. Tarih, çoğunlukla, günümüzün yoğun siyasi - ve çoğu zaman tarih ile ilgili olmayan - yorumlarının izin verdiği eğilimlerden çok daha fazla kültürel etki ve gelenek içerir. Örneğin, Hindu milliyetçilerinin Hindistan’ı Hindu bir ülke olarak görme ve diğer dinleri daha aşağı bir statüde konumlandırma çabaları, Hint tarihinin muhteşem çeşitliliği (Jain kültürü, 4.yüzyıldan itibaren Hristiyanların varlığı, 8.yüzyıldan itibaren Zerdüştlerin varlığı, Müslümanlar ve Hindular arasındaki etkileşim, Sihizm dininin ortaya çıkışı ve büyümesi) ile örtüşmemektedir. Bu nedenle, tarihi nesneler, siteler ve kayıtlar, çatışmacı modern siyasetin yol açtığı tahribatın bir kısmını telafi etmeye yardımcı olabilir. Tarihsel nesnelerin ve alanların ortaya çıkarılması, korunması ve erişilebilirliği aracılığıyla geçmiş kültürel çeşitliliğin vurgulanması, çağdaş ortamlarda çeşitliliğe tolerans gösterilmesinde ve bir ulusun geçmişinin “monokültürel” okumalarının çatışma için kullanılmasına karşı bir rol oynayabilir. Tarihin hatırlanması, hoşgörünün geliştirilmesinde ve çeşitliliğin kutlanmasında –ki bunlar doğrudan veya dolaylı olarak kalkınmanın önemli özellikleri arasındadır- büyük bir destek sağlayabilir. 7. Değer oluşumu ve evrimi üzerindeki kültürel etkiler: Kültürel faktörler, değerlerin oluşmasında merkezi bir role sahip olabilir. Örneğin, düşük doğurganlık oranları, kız ve erkek çocukları arasında ayrımcılık olmaması, çocukları okula göndermeyi istemek gibi normların oluşması serbest ve açık kamusal tartışma kültürü tarafından etkilenmektedir. Bu çalışma, kültürün ekonomik performansa etkisine odaklanmaktadır. Bunun için, öncelikle anaakım iktisat literatüründe kültürün ekonomik performansa etkisi üzerine yapılan akademik çalışmaların bulguları derlenmiş, ardından UNESCO’nun kültür-ekonomik kalkınma ilişkisine dair yaklaşımı özetlenmiş ve anaakım iktisat alanyazınının bulguları ışığında UNESCO’nun yaklaşımı değerlendirilmiştir. Bu çalışma boyunca, ekonomik başarıdan veya performanstan kast edilen kâr marjlarının motive ettiği vahşi ve yıkıcı ticari başarı değil kapsayıcı ve sürdürülebilir ekonomik ilerlemedir. Bu çalışmanın sonunda, UNESCO’nun çeşitli başarılarına rağmen, kültürün kalkınma politika ve stratejilerine yaygınlaştırılması ihtiyacının devam ettiği, bu tespitin Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma 2030 Hedeflerinin bağlamında bariz bir şekilde görüldüğü ifade edilmiştir. Bundan sonrasında kültürün ekonomik başarıya veya sürdürülebilir kalkınmaya katkısını artırmak için olası öneriler sıralanmış, bu önerileri gerçekleştirmek için her şeyden önce kültürü kentsel yönetişime entegre edilmesi gerektiği, bu kapsamda, özellikle yerel yönetimlere önemli sorumluluklar düştüğü ifade edilmiştir.

Suggested Citation

  • Ozbugday, Fatih Cemil, 2019. "Kültür ve Ekonomik Başarı [Culture and Economic Success]," MPRA Paper 96734, University Library of Munich, Germany.
  • Handle: RePEc:pra:mprapa:96734
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    More about this item

    Keywords

    culture; economic growth; sustainable development;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • O1 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Economic Development
    • O19 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Economic Development - - - International Linkages to Development; Role of International Organizations
    • Z1 - Other Special Topics - - Cultural Economics

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