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Using Goals to Motivate College Students: Theory and Evidence from Field Experiments

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Cited by:

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  2. Epper, Thomas & Ibsen, Kristoffer & Koch, Alexander & Nafziger, Julia, 2026. "Predicting University Dropouts: Evidence on the Value of Student Expectations and Motivation," IZA Discussion Papers 18439, IZA Network @ LISER.
  3. Todd Pugatch & Nicholas Wilson, 2024. "Nudging Demand for Academic Support Services: Experimental and Structural Evidence from Higher Education," Journal of Human Resources, University of Wisconsin Press, vol. 59(5), pages 1637-1682.
  4. Raphael Brade & Oliver Himmler & Robert Jaeckle & Philipp Weinschenk, 2024. "Helping Students to Succeed – The Long-Term Effects of Soft Commitments and Reminders," CESifo Working Paper Series 11001, CESifo.
  5. Mesplé-Somps, Sandrine & Nilsson, Björn, 2023. "Role models, aspirations and desire to migrate," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 212(C), pages 819-839.
  6. Damgaard, Mette Trier & Nielsen, Helena Skyt, 2018. "Nudging in education," Economics of Education Review, Elsevier, vol. 64(C), pages 313-342.
  7. Raphael Brade & Oliver Himmler & Robert Jaeckle, 2023. "Relative Performance Feedback and Long-Term Tasks – Experimental Evidence from Higher Education," CESifo Working Paper Series 10346, CESifo.
  8. Haeckl, Simone, 2022. "Image concerns in ex-ante self-assessments–Gender differences and behavioral consequences," Labour Economics, Elsevier, vol. 76(C).
  9. Kengo IGEI & Hirofumi KUROKAWA & Masato ISEKI & Akinori KITSUKI & Kenichi KURITA & Shunsuke MANAGI & Makiko NAKAMURO & Akira SAKANO, 2022. "Nudges to Increase the Effectiveness of Environmental Education: New evidence from a field experiment," Discussion papers 22111, Research Institute of Economy, Trade and Industry (RIETI).
  10. Shah,Manisha & Seager,Jennifer & Montalvao Machado,Joao H. C. & Goldstein,Markus P., 2022. "Two Sides of Gender : Sex, Power, and Adolescence," Policy Research Working Paper Series 10072, The World Bank.
  11. Brandts, Jordi & El Baroudi, Sabrine & Huber, Stefanie J. & Rott, Christina, 2021. "Gender differences in private and public goal setting," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 192(C), pages 222-247.
  12. Nicholas A. Wright & Puneet Arora & Jesse Wright, 2024. "I Promise to Work Hard: The Impact of a Non-Binding Commitment Pledge on Academic Performance," Working Papers 2411, Florida International University, Department of Economics.
  13. Young, Benjamin, 2024. "Expectations or rational expectations? A theory of systematic goal deviation," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 219(C), pages 25-37.
  14. Sonnabend, Hendrik & Lackner, Mario, 2020. "Gender differences in overconfidence and decision making in high-stakes competitions: evidence from freediving contests," VfS Annual Conference 2020 (Virtual Conference): Gender Economics 224595, Verein für Socialpolitik / German Economic Association.
  15. Ersoy, Fulya, 2023. "Effects of perceived productivity on study effort: Evidence from a field experiment," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 207(C), pages 376-391.
  16. Hardt, David & Nagler, Markus & Rincke, Johannes, 2022. "Can peer mentoring improve online teaching effectiveness? An RCT during the COVID-19 pandemic," Labour Economics, Elsevier, vol. 78(C).
  17. Igei, Kengo & Kurokawa, Hirofumi & Iseki, Masato & Kitsuki, Akinori & Kurita, Kenichi & Managi, Shunsuke & Nakamuro, Makiko & Sakano, Akira, 2024. "Synergistic effects of nudges and boosts in environmental education: Evidence from a field experiment," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 224(C).
  18. Alisha Hancock & Chris M. Boyd & Seth R. Gitter & Melissa Groves & Alexa Prettyman, 2026. "A Second Chance at Passing: Impacts of a Scholarship for Students Retaking Principles of Microeconomics," Working Papers 2026-10, Towson University, Department of Economics, revised May 2026.
  19. Hemelt, Steven W. & Mange, Brennan & Raynor, Samantha, 2025. "Take HEART: Experimental evidence on enhanced advising and postsecondary progress," Economics of Education Review, Elsevier, vol. 107(C).
  20. Jens Schubert, 2023. "The Effect of Gender on Study Effort: Nudges Versus Market Incentives," The American Economist, Sage Publications, vol. 68(1), pages 24-44, March.
  21. Alex Markle & George Wu & Rebecca White & Aaron Sackett, 2018. "Goals as reference points in marathon running: A novel test of reference dependence," Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, Springer, vol. 56(1), pages 19-50, February.
  22. Islam, Asadul & Kwon, Sungoh & Masood, Eema & Prakash, Nishith & Sabarwal, Shwetlena & Saraswat, Deepak, 2020. "When Goal-Setting Forges Ahead but Stops Short," IZA Discussion Papers 13188, IZA Network @ LISER.
  23. Erwin Amann & Sylvi Rzepka, 2021. "The Effect of Goal-Setting Prompts in a Blended Learning Environment – Evidence from a Field Experiment," CEPA Discussion Papers 25, Center for Economic Policy Analysis.
  24. Brade, Raphael & Himmler, Oliver & Jäckle, Robert, 2022. "Relative performance feedback and the effects of being above average — field experiment and replication," Economics of Education Review, Elsevier, vol. 89(C).
  25. Bönisch, Felix & König, Tobias & Schweighofer-Kodritsch, Sebastian & Weizsäcker, Georg, 2026. "Beliefs as a means of self-control? Evidence from a dynamic student survey," Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, Elsevier, vol. 184(C).
  26. Jonas Pilgaard Kaiser & Alexander K. Koch & Julia Nafziger, 2024. "Does goal revision undermine self-regulation through goals? An experiment," Experimental Economics, Springer;Economic Science Association, vol. 27(3), pages 604-636, July.
  27. Amann, Erwin & Rzepka, Sylvi, 2023. "The effect of goal-setting prompts in a blended learning environment—evidence from a field experiment," Economics of Education Review, Elsevier, vol. 92(C).
  28. Andreas Gerster & Manuel Frondel & Kathrin Kaestner & Michael Pahle & Puja Singhal, 2025. "Premium Programs for Energy Conservation: Evidence from a Randomized Controlled Experiment," Working Papers 2504, Gutenberg School of Management and Economics, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz.
  29. Campos-Mercade, Pol & Thiemann, Petra & Wengström, Erik, 2025. "Performance Incentives in Education: The Role of Goal Mismatch," Working Papers 2025:5, Lund University, Department of Economics.
  30. de Gendre, Alexandra & Salamanca, Nicolás, 2020. "On the Mechanisms of Ability Peer Effects," IZA Discussion Papers 13938, IZA Network @ LISER.
  31. Diane W. Schanzenbach, 2024. "Minding the (achievement) gap," Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 43(2), pages 632-635, March.
  32. Gerardo Sabater-Grande & Nikolaos Georgantzís & Noemí Herranz-Zarzoso, 2023. "Goals and guesses as reference points: a field experiment on student performance," Theory and Decision, Springer, vol. 94(2), pages 249-274, February.
  33. Philip Oreopoulos & Richard W. Patterson & Uros Petronijevic & Nolan G. Pope, 2018. "When Studying and Nudging Don’t Go as Planned: Unsuccessful Attempts to Help Traditional and Online College Students," NBER Working Papers 25036, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
  34. Gershoni, Naomi & Stryjan, Miri, 2026. "Disconnected: The Unequal Impact of Online Learning on Minority Students," IZA Discussion Papers 18445, IZA Network @ LISER.
  35. Herranz-Zarzoso, Noemí & Sabater-Grande, Gerardo, 2018. "Monetary incentives and self-chosen goals in academic performance: An experimental study," International Review of Economics Education, Elsevier, vol. 27(C), pages 34-44.
  36. Fulya Ersoy, 2021. "Returns to effort: experimental evidence from an online language platform," Experimental Economics, Springer;Economic Science Association, vol. 24(3), pages 1047-1073, September.
  37. Nicolas Houy & Jean-Philippe Nicolaï & Marie Claire Villeval, 2020. "Always doing your best? Effort and performance in dynamic settings," Theory and Decision, Springer, vol. 89(3), pages 249-286, October.
  38. Hirofumi KUROKAWA & Kengo IGEI & Akinori KITSUKI & Kenichi KURITA & Shunsuke MANAGI & Makiko NAKAMURO & Akira SAKANO, 2022. "Nudges to Increase the Effectiveness of Environmental Education," Discussion papers 22047, Research Institute of Economy, Trade and Industry (RIETI).
  39. Gershoni, Naomi & Stryjan, Miri, 2023. "Do Deadlines Affect Project Completion? Experimental Evidence from Israeli Vocational Colleges," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 205(C), pages 359-375.
  40. Ersoy, Erkal & Forshaw, Rachel & Lampert, Suzanne, 2024. "Investigating the link between students’ learning intentions and their learning outcomes: A clustered randomised controlled trial," International Review of Economics Education, Elsevier, vol. 47(C).
  41. Brade, Raphael & Himmler, Oliver & Jäckle, Robert, 2026. "No student left behind? Relative feedback and university completion," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 241(C).
  42. Wagner, Valentin, 2022. "Heterogeneous effects of grade framing," Labour Economics, Elsevier, vol. 74(C).
  43. van Lent, Max & Souverijn, Michiel, 2020. "Goal setting and raising the bar: A field experiment," Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics (formerly The Journal of Socio-Economics), Elsevier, vol. 87(C).
  44. Gong, Jie & Liu, Tracy Xiao & Tang, Jie, 2021. "How monetary incentives improve outcomes in MOOCs: Evidence from a field experiment," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 190(C), pages 905-921.
  45. Ignacio Palacios-Huerta, 2025. "The Beautiful Dataset," Journal of Economic Literature, American Economic Association, vol. 63(4), pages 1363-1423, December.
  46. Cao, Yu & Capra, C. Mónica & Su, Yuxin, 2023. "Do prosocial incentives motivate women to set higher goals and improve performance?," Journal of Economic Psychology, Elsevier, vol. 99(C).
  47. Koch, Alexander K. & Nafziger, Julia, 2020. "Motivational goal bracketing: An experiment," Journal of Economic Theory, Elsevier, vol. 185(C).
  48. Antonia Grohmann & Tabea Lakemann & Helke Seitz, 2020. "Savings Goal Calendars as Soft Commitment Devices: Evidence from Small Business Owners in Uganda," Discussion Papers of DIW Berlin 1919, DIW Berlin, German Institute for Economic Research.
  49. Max van Lent & Michiel Souverijn, 2017. "Goal Setting and Raising the Bar: A Field Experiment," Tinbergen Institute Discussion Papers 17-001/VII, Tinbergen Institute.
  50. Oreopoulos, Philip & Petronijevic, Uros & Logel, Christine & Beattie, Graham, 2020. "Improving non-academic student outcomes using online and text-message coaching," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 171(C), pages 342-360.
  51. Islam, Asad & Kwon, Sungoh & Masood, Eema & Prakash, Nishith & Sabarwal, Shwetlena & Saraswat, Deepak, 2024. "All pain and no gain: When goal setting leads to more effort but no gains in test scores," Economics of Education Review, Elsevier, vol. 103(C).
  52. Nafziger, Julia & Kaiser, Jonas P. & Koch, Alexander K, 2021. "Self-Set Goals Are Effective Self-Regulation Tools -- Despite Goal Revision," CEPR Discussion Papers 15716, Centre for Economic Policy Research.
  53. González-Jiménez, Víctor, 2024. "Incentive design for reference-dependent preferences," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 221(C), pages 493-518.
  54. James Fan & Joaquín Gómez‐Miñambres & Samuel Smithers, 2020. "Make it too difficult, and I'll give up; let me succeed, and I'll excel: The interaction between assigned and personal goals," Managerial and Decision Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 41(6), pages 964-975, September.
  55. Cettolin, Elena & Cole, Kym & Dalton, Patricio, 2022. "Improving Workers’ Performance in Small Firms : A Randomized Experiment on Goal Setting in Ghana," Other publications TiSEM d0f494f0-87ed-4ef2-8472-6, Tilburg University, School of Economics and Management.
  56. Azevedo, Viviane & Lafortune, Jeanne & Olarte, Liliana & Tessada, José, 2024. "Personalizing or reminding? How to better incentivize savings among underbanked individuals," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 222(C), pages 25-63.
  57. Nakamoto, Yasuhiro, 2025. "The effect of an increase in unit price on self-set goals in a success-based fee system: Gain and loss domains," Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics (formerly The Journal of Socio-Economics), Elsevier, vol. 118(C).
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