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Hydrogen as energy carrier: Techno-economic assessment of decentralized hydrogen production in Germany

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  1. Teodora Sanislav & George D. Mois & Sherali Zeadally & Silviu Folea & Horia Hedesiu, 2024. "A Smart Platform for Monitoring and Managing Energy Harvesting in Household Systems," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(23), pages 1-16, November.
  2. M. Machado, Júlia T., 2025. "Shining a light on Solar Chemicals and Fuels: Findings from a SWOT-led (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats) literature review and workshop," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 216(C).
  3. Venko Beschkov & Evgeniy Ganev, 2023. "Perspectives on the Development of Technologies for Hydrogen as a Carrier of Sustainable Energy," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(17), pages 1-23, August.
  4. Superchi, Francesco & Papi, Francesco & Mannelli, Andrea & Balduzzi, Francesco & Ferro, Francesco Maria & Bianchini, Alessandro, 2023. "Development of a reliable simulation framework for techno-economic analyses on green hydrogen production from wind farms using alkaline electrolyzers," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 207(C), pages 731-742.
  5. Shen, Xiaojun & Li, Xingyi & Yuan, Jiahai & Jin, Yu, 2022. "A hydrogen-based zero-carbon microgrid demonstration in renewable-rich remote areas: System design and economic feasibility," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 326(C).
  6. Vincent Kalchschmid & Veronika Erhart & Kerstin Angerer & Stefan Roth & Andrea Hohmann, 2023. "Decentral Production of Green Hydrogen for Energy Systems: An Economically and Environmentally Viable Solution for Surplus Self-Generated Energy in Manufacturing Companies?," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(4), pages 1-27, February.
  7. Aditiya, H.B. & Mahlia, T.M.I. & Huang, Z., 2026. "Scaling green hydrogen: Production, storage, techno-economics and global perspectives," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 226(PD).
  8. Solanki, Bhanupratap Singh & Lim, Hoyoung & Yoon, Seok Jun & Ham, Hyung Chul & Park, Han Saem & Lee, Ha Eun & Lee, See Hoon, 2025. "Recent advancement of non-noble metal catalysts for hydrogen production by NH3 decomposition," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 207(C).
  9. Sadiq, Muhammad & Mayyas, Ahmad & Wei, Max, 2025. "A standardized parametric framework for techno-economic analysis of renewable and clean energy systems," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 243(C).
  10. Lamnatou, Chr. & Cristofari, C. & Chemisana, D., 2024. "Renewable energy sources as a catalyst for energy transition: Technological innovations and an example of the energy transition in France," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 221(C).
  11. Mou, Xiaofeng & Zhou, Wei & Bao, Zewei & Huang, Weixing, 2024. "Effective thermal conductivity of LaNi5 powder beds for hydrogen storage: Measurement and theoretical analysis," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 231(C).
  12. Andi Mehmeti & Endrit Elezi & Armila Xhebraj & Mira Andoni & Ylber Bezo, 2025. "Is Green Hydrogen a Strategic Opportunity for Albania? A Techno-Economic, Environmental, and SWOT Analysis," Clean Technol., MDPI, vol. 7(4), pages 1-25, October.
  13. Sergey Galevskiy & Haidong Qian, 2025. "A Binary Discounting Method for Economic Evaluation of Hydrogen Projects: Applicability Study Based on Levelized Cost of Hydrogen (LCOH)," Energies, MDPI, vol. 18(14), pages 1-15, July.
  14. Rey, I. & Barrio, V.L. & Agirre, I., 2025. "Environmental and economic assessment of large-scale hydrogen supply chains across Europe: LOHC vs other hydrogen technologies," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 401(PC).
  15. Abdoulkader Ibrahim Idriss & Ramadan Ali Ahmed & Hamda Abdi Atteyeh & Omar Abdoulkader Mohamed & Haitham Saad Mohamed Ramadan, 2023. "Techno-Economic Potential of Wind-Based Green Hydrogen Production in Djibouti: Literature Review and Case Studies," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(16), pages 1-19, August.
  16. Mohammadi, Amir & Babaei, Reza & Jianu, Ofelia A., 2023. "Feasibility analysis of sustainable hydrogen production for heavy-duty applications: Case study of highway 401," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 282(C).
  17. Tom Cherif Bilio & Mahamat Adoum Abdoulaye & Sebastian Waita, 2025. "Multi-Objective Optimization of Off-Grid Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems for Sustainable Agricultural Development in Sub-Saharan Africa," Energies, MDPI, vol. 18(19), pages 1-44, September.
  18. Qiu, Yiwei & Zhou, Yi & Chen, Shi & Zang, Tianlei & Zhou, Buxiang, 2024. "Flexibility assessment and aggregation of alkaline electrolyzers considering dynamic process constraints for energy management of renewable power-to-hydrogen systems," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 235(C).
  19. Bachirou Djibo Boubé & Ramchandra Bhandari & Moussa Mounkaila Saley & Abdou Latif Bonkaney & Rabani Adamou, 2025. "Techno-Economic Analysis of Geospatial Green Hydrogen Potential Using Solar Photovoltaic in Niger: Application of PEM and Alkaline Water Electrolyzers," Energies, MDPI, vol. 18(7), pages 1-23, April.
  20. Zhao, Yaling & Zhao, Bin & Yao, Yanchen & Jia, Xiaohan & Peng, Xueyuan, 2024. "Experimental study and sensitivity analysis of performance for a hydrogen diaphragm compressor," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 237(PD).
  21. Marek Jaszczur & Qusay Hassan & Aws Zuhair Sameen & Hayder M. Salman & Olushola Tomilayo Olapade & Szymon Wieteska, 2023. "Massive Green Hydrogen Production Using Solar and Wind Energy: Comparison between Europe and the Middle East," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(14), pages 1-26, July.
  22. Calise, Francesco & Cappiello, Francesco Liberato & Cimmino, Luca & Dentice d’Accadia, Massimo & Vicidomini, Maria, 2023. "Renewable smart energy network: A thermoeconomic comparison between conventional lithium-ion batteries and reversible solid oxide fuel cells," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 214(C), pages 74-95.
  23. Sousa, Jorge & Lagarto, João & Fonseca, Miguel, 2024. "The role of storage and flexibility in the energy transition: Substitution effect of resources with application to the Portuguese electricity system," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 228(C).
  24. Carlson, Ewa Lazarczyk & Pickford, Kit & Nyga-Łukaszewska, Honorata, 2023. "Green hydrogen and an evolving concept of energy security: Challenges and comparisons," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 219(P1).
  25. Li, Guoliang & Gao, Wei & Jiang, Haipeng & Liu, Junpeng, 2025. "Enhancing combustion performance, hydrogen evolution stability and sintering resistance of AlH3-nanoparticles via Ni coating," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 248(C).
  26. Hausmann, Julius & Kampker, Achim & Kemperdick, Tim & Letmathe, Peter, 2025. "An economic and environmental analysis of retrofitted fuel cell electric heavy-duty trucks," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 399(C).
  27. Wang, Jing & Kang, Lixia & Liu, Yongzhong, 2024. "Optimal design of a renewable hydrogen production system by coordinating multiple PV arrays and multiple electrolyzers," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 225(C).
  28. Wang, Jing & Ye, Kai & Kang, Lixia & Liu, Yongzhong, 2024. "Flexible design of renewable hydrogen production systems through identifying bottlenecks under uncertainty," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 311(C).
  29. Calado, Goncalo & Castro, Rui & Pires, A.J. & Marques, Miguel J., 2024. "Assessment of hydrogen-based solutions associated to offshore wind farms: The case of the Iberian Peninsula," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 192(C).
  30. Sgaramella, Antonio & Pastore, Lorenzo Mario & Lo Basso, Gianluigi & de Santoli, Livio, 2025. "A techno-economic analysis of hydrogen refuelling and electric fast-charging stations: Effects on cost-competitiveness of zero-emission trucks," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 331(C).
  31. Moradpoor, Iraj & Syri, Sanna & Santasalo-Aarnio, Annukka, 2023. "Green hydrogen production for oil refining – Finnish case," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 175(C).
  32. Yu, Soh Mian & Wong, Shen Yuong & Fedotova, Ekaterina & Ahmad, Muhammad Shakeel & Fioriti, Davide & Rahim, Nasrudin Abd, 2025. "Prospect of green hydrogen in Malaysian iron and steel industry: Techno-economic assessment and energy modelling using PyPSA-Earth," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 216(C).
  33. Ye, Yang & Yue, Yi & Lu, Jianfeng & Ding, Jing & Wang, Weilong & Yan, Jinyue, 2021. "Enhanced hydrogen storage of a LaNi5 based reactor by using phase change materials," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 180(C), pages 734-743.
  34. Adoum Abdoulaye, Mahamat & Waita, Sebastian & Wabuge Wekesa, Cyrus & Mwabora, Julius Mwakondo, 2024. "Optimal sizing of an off-grid and grid-connected hybrid photovoltaic-wind system with battery and fuel cell storage system: A techno-economic, environmental, and social assessment," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 365(C).
  35. Raed Al-Rbaihat, 2025. "Sensitivity Analysis of a Hybrid PV-WT Hydrogen Production System via an Electrolyzer and Fuel Cell Using TRNSYS in Coastal Regions: A Case Study in Perth, Australia," Energies, MDPI, vol. 18(12), pages 1-32, June.
  36. Qiu, Yiwei & Zhou, Buxiang & Zang, Tianlei & Zhou, Yi & Chen, Shi & Qi, Ruomei & Li, Jiarong & Lin, Jin, 2023. "Extended load flexibility of utility-scale P2H plants: Optimal production scheduling considering dynamic thermal and HTO impurity effects," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 217(C).
  37. Musa, Nur Nadhirah Syafiqa Binti Mohammad & Tijani, Alhassan Salami, 2025. "Effect of exchange current density and charge transfer coefficient on performance characteristics of voltage of alkaline electrolysis," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 394(C).
  38. Liu, Qian & Si, Xiaoqin & Li, Mengjie & Ren, Zhiwen & Lu, Fang, 2025. "High hydrogen production from raw biomass via crystal phase regulation of Al2O3 supported Ni catalyst," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 250(C).
  39. Nasser, Mohamed & Al-Sharafi, Abdullah & Al-Buraiki, Abdulrahman S. & Yilbas, Bekir Sami & Khairy, Mohamed, 2025. "Hydrogen production via using hybrid renewable energy and waste fuels derived systems incorporating heat recovery and carbon capture measures," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 401(PB).
  40. Feng Wang & Weiwei Liu, 2024. "The Current Status, Challenges, and Future of China’s Photovoltaic Industry: A Literature Review and Outlook," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(22), pages 1-18, November.
  41. Ao, Yunjin & Zhu, Liya & Xu, Yanyan & Li, Weizhuo & Zhao, Kai & Yu, Yinsheng, 2025. "Operation strategy optimization of wind hydrogen electrolysis system considering degradation and price fluctuation," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 253(C).
  42. Tawalbeh, Muhammad & Murtaza, Sana Z.M. & Al-Othman, Amani & Alami, Abdul Hai & Singh, Karnail & Olabi, Abdul Ghani, 2022. "Ammonia: A versatile candidate for the use in energy storage systems," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 194(C), pages 955-977.
  43. Dasireddy, Venkata D.B.C. & Likozar, Blaž, 2022. "Cu–Mn–O nano-particle/nano-sheet spinel-type materials as catalysts in methanol steam reforming (MSR) and preferential oxidation (PROX) reaction for purified hydrogen production," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 182(C), pages 713-724.
  44. Chen, Yuanyi & Zheng, Yanchong & Hu, Simon & Xie, Shiwei & Yang, Qiang, 2024. "Risk-averse energy dispatch for hybrid energy refueling stations considering Boundedly rational mixed user equilibrium and operational uncertainties," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 376(PA).
  45. Shuang, Shuyan & Wang, Junfeng & Zhang, Junjie & Wang, Jiale & Zhang, Yadong & Li, Bin & Xu, Haojie & Zhang, Wei, 2025. "Enhanced hydrogen production from methanol decomposition using liquid-phase plasma discharge with porous electrodes," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 247(C).
  46. Pastore, Lorenzo Mario & Lo Basso, Gianluigi & Sforzini, Matteo & de Santoli, Livio, 2022. "Technical, economic and environmental issues related to electrolysers capacity targets according to the Italian Hydrogen Strategy: A critical analysis," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 166(C).
  47. Das, Sayan & De, Souvanik & Dutta, Risav & De, Sudipta, 2024. "Multi-criteria decision-making for techno-economic and environmentally sustainable decentralized hybrid power and green hydrogen cogeneration system," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 191(C).
  48. Öztürk, Reyhan Atabay & Devrim, Yılser, 2025. "Optimal design and technoeconomic analysis of on-site hydrogen refueling station powered by wind and solar photovoltaic hybrid energy systems," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 245(C).
  49. Leonhard Povacz & Ramchandra Bhandari, 2023. "Analysis of the Levelized Cost of Renewable Hydrogen in Austria," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(5), pages 1-23, March.
  50. Yang, Yuyan & Xu, Xiao & Luo, Yichen & Liu, Junyong & Hu, Weihao, 2024. "Distributionally robust planning method for expressway hydrogen refueling station powered by a wind-PV system," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 225(C).
  51. Fang, Juan & Yang, Miaomiao & Sui, Junpeng & Luo, Tengqi & Yu, Yinsheng & Ao, Yunjin & Dou, Ruifeng & Zhou, Wenning & Li, Wei & Liu, Xunliang & Zhao, Kai, 2024. "Enhancing solar-powered hydrogen production efficiency by spectral beam splitting and integrated chemical energy storage," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 372(C).
  52. Zheng, Yi & You, Shi & Huang, Chunjun & Jin, Xin, 2023. "Model-based economic analysis of off-grid wind/hydrogen systems," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 187(C).
  53. Piotr F. Borowski & Barbara Karlikowska, 2023. "Clean Hydrogen Is a Challenge for Enterprises in the Era of Low-Emission and Zero-Emission Economy," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(3), pages 1-15, January.
  54. Louli, Rafika & Giurgea, Stefan & Salhi, Issam & Badji, Abderrezak & Laghrouche, Salah & Li, Zhongliang & Djerdir, Abdesslem, 2026. "Optimized multiphysics model for a Proton Exchange Membrane Water Electrolyzer," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 256(PH).
  55. Yang, Jingze & Lam, Tsz Yeuk & Luo, Zixue & Cheng, Qiang & Wang, Guibin & Yao, Hong, 2025. "Renewable energy driven electrolysis of water for hydrogen production, storage, and transportation," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 218(C).
  56. Wu, Zhangxi & Li, Ye & Li, Bin & He, Jiawei & Fan, Hui & Wang, Haiyang & Hu, Xinhang & Zhang, Shouhang, 2025. "A coordinated configuration scheme for hydrogen-electric energy storage based on transient response characteristics," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 241(C).
  57. Xiang, Pianpian & Jiang, Kejun & Wang, Jiachen & He, Chenmin & Chen, Sha & Jiang, Weiyi, 2024. "Evaluation of LCOH of conventional technology, energy storage coupled solar PV electrolysis, and HTGR in China," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 353(PA).
  58. Simionescu, Mihaela, 2021. "The nexus between economic development and pollution in the European Union new member states. The role of renewable energy consumption," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 179(C), pages 1767-1780.
  59. Gallo, María Angélica & García Clúa, José Gabriel, 2023. "Sizing and analytical optimization of an alkaline water electrolyzer powered by a grid-assisted wind turbine to minimize grid power exchange," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 216(C).
  60. Campion, Nicolas & Montanari, Giulia & Guzzini, Alessandro & Visser, Lennard & Alcayde, Alfredo, 2025. "Green hydrogen techno-economic assessments from simulated and measured solar photovoltaic power profiles," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 209(C).
  61. Armenia Androniceanu & Oana Matilda Sabie, 2022. "Overview of Green Energy as a Real Strategic Option for Sustainable Development," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(22), pages 1-35, November.
  62. Lan, Penghang & Chen, She & Li, Qihang & Li, Kelin & Wang, Feng & Zhao, Yaoxun, 2024. "Intelligent hydrogen-ammonia combined energy storage system with deep reinforcement learning," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 237(PB).
  63. Al-Ghussain, Loiy & Lu, Zifeng & Alrbai, Mohammad & Al-Dahidi, Sameer & He, Xin & Elgowainy, Amgad & Wang, Michael, 2025. "Global techno-economic and life cycle greenhouse gas emissions assessment of solar and wind based renewable hydrogen production," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 401(PA).
  64. Slavin, Brittney & Wang, Ruiqi & Roy, Dibyendu & Ling-Chin, Janie & Roskilly, Anthony Paul, 2024. "Techno-economic analysis of direct air carbon capture and hydrogen production integrated with a small modular reactor," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 356(C).
  65. Kavousighahfarokhi, Arash & Hannan, M.A. & Ker, Pin Jern & Wong, Richard TK. & Ong, H.C. & Begum, R.A. & Hossain, M.J. & Jang, Gilsoo, 2026. "Techno-economic analysis of hydrogen integrated microgrid and hydrogen refueling systems application: A sustainable energy solution," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 226(PC).
  66. Muhieitheen, Mahmood Khaja & Alquaity, Awad B.S. & Al-Solihat, Mohammed Khair, 2025. "Techno-economic assessment of stand–alone renewable energy powered desalination and hydrogen production in NEOM, Saudi Arabia," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 241(C).
  67. Ibrahim B Mansir & Paul C Okonkwo & Naeim Farouk, 2026. "Techno-economic optimization of a photovoltaic-wind energy-based hydrogen production system: A case study of different cities of Saudi Arabia," Energy & Environment, , vol. 37(2), pages 600-628, March.
  68. Pastore, Lorenzo Mario & Lo Basso, Gianluigi & Ricciardi, Guido & de Santoli, Livio, 2023. "Smart energy systems for renewable energy communities: A comparative analysis of power-to-X strategies for improving energy self-consumption," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 280(C).
  69. Zhao, Meng-Jie & He, Qian & Xiang, Ting & Ya, Hua-Qin & Luo, Hao & Wan, Shanhong & Ding, Jun & He, Jian-Bo, 2023. "Automatic operation of decoupled water electrolysis based on bipolar electrode," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 203(C), pages 583-591.
  70. Mojtahed, Ali & Lo Basso, Gianluigi & Pastore, Lorenzo Mario & Sgaramella, Antonio & de Santoli, Livio, 2025. "Application of machine learning to model waste energy recovery for green hydrogen production: A techno-economic analysis," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 315(C).
  71. Lukas Saars & Marius Madsen & Jörg Meyer, 2024. "Optimizing the Operation of an Electrolyzer with Hydrogen Storage Using Two Different Methods: A Trade-Off Between Simplicity and Precision in Minimizing Hydrogen Production Costs Using Day-Ahead Market Prices," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(22), pages 1-20, November.
  72. Shashank Deepak Prabhu, 2025. "Understanding the Sustainable Hydrogen Generation Potential for the Region of Bavaria, Germany via Bio-Waste Processing Using Thermochemical Conversion Technology," Energies, MDPI, vol. 18(8), pages 1-24, April.
  73. Bhandari, Ramchandra & Subedi, Subodh, 2023. "Evaluation of surplus hydroelectricity potential in Nepal until 2040 and its use for hydrogen production via electrolysis," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 212(C), pages 403-414.
  74. Bhandari, Ramchandra, 2022. "Green hydrogen production potential in West Africa – Case of Niger," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 196(C), pages 800-811.
  75. Sapnken, Flavian Emmanuel & Posso, Fausto & Kibong, Marius Tony & Noumo, Prosper Gopdjim & Fantah, Armel Cheunteu & Tamba, Jean Gaston, 2024. "Green hydrogen demand in Cameroon's energy sectors by 2040," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 205(C).
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