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Behind the Child Penalty: Understanding What Contributes to the Labour Market Costs of Motherhood

Citations

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Cited by:

  1. Daniela Del Boca & Luca Favero & Chiara Pronzato, 2026. "Supporting Mothers Back to Work: Experimental Evidence on Employment, Fertility, and Child Outcomes," Working Papers 2026-006, Human Capital and Economic Opportunity Working Group.
  2. Jessen, Jonas & Kinne, Lavinia & Battisti, Michele, 2026. "Child penalties in labour market skills," European Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 184(C).
  3. Francesca Barigozzi & Helmuth Cremer & Emmanuel Thibault, 2024. "The motherhood wage and income traps," Journal of Population Economics, Springer;European Society for Population Economics, vol. 37(4), pages 1-26, December.
  4. Andrew Yizhou Liu, 2025. "Parenthood and occupational mobility," Economic Inquiry, Western Economic Association International, vol. 63(2), pages 504-522, April.
  5. Angelo Lorenti & Jessica Nisén & Letizia Mencarini & Mikko Myrskylä, 2024. "Gendered Parenthood-Employment Gaps from Midlife: A Demographic Perspective Across Three Different Welfare Systems," European Journal of Population, Springer;European Association for Population Studies, vol. 40(1), pages 1-26, December.
  6. Derek Asuman & Tinna Laufey Ásgeirsdóttir & Johan Jarl, 2025. "Anxious Dads and Depressed Moms: Child Disability and the Mental Health of Parents," Health Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 34(7), pages 1326-1349, July.
  7. Anthony Strittmatter & Conny Wunsch, 2025. "Labor market sorting and the gender pay gap revisited," Journal of Population Economics, Springer;European Society for Population Economics, vol. 38(3), pages 1-41, September.
  8. Mimosa Distefano & Lorenzo Incoronato & Anna Raute, 2026. "Female-targeted hiring subsidies, firm learning, and women’s employment," CEP Discussion Papers dp2209, Centre for Economic Performance, LSE.
  9. Liu, Ziming & Wu, Xinrui & Yu, Zihan & Dong, Zhaoyingzi & Rommel, Jens, 2026. "The child penalty in the rental housing market: Do landlords discriminate couples with children?," China Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 97(C).
  10. Elizabeth Brainerd & Olga Malkova, 2023. "Maternity benefits and marital stability after birth: evidence from the Soviet Baltic republics," Journal of Population Economics, Springer;European Society for Population Economics, vol. 36(4), pages 2309-2345, October.
  11. Szabó-Morvai, Ágnes & Boza, István, 2025. "Gyermekvállalás és az anyák keresete a 2010-es években [Childbearing and mothers earnings in the 2010s]," Közgazdasági Szemle (Economic Review - monthly of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences), Közgazdasági Szemle Alapítvány (Economic Review Foundation), vol. 0(6), pages 566-595.
  12. Chiara Puccioni & Daniela Vuri, 2024. "With a Little Help from Nurseries. Childcare Services and Mothers’ Employment in Italy," CEIS Research Paper 588, Tor Vergata University, CEIS, revised 19 Dec 2024.
  13. Pietro Giorgio Lovaglio & Adalgisa Perrelli, 2024. "Individual and regional determinants of women’s participation in the European labour market: a Labour Force Survey empirical study," International Review of Economics, Springer;Happiness Economics and Interpersonal Relations (HEIRS), vol. 71(4), pages 785-812, December.
  14. Huang, Qian & Fan, Ziang, 2025. "Relaxation of fertility policy and firm’s short-term hiring of female employees: Evidence from China," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 188(C).
  15. Dominique Meurs & Pierre Pora, 2025. "Traditional Views, Egalitarian Views, and the Child Penalty: Insights from Immigrant Populations in France," Working Papers hal-04947430, HAL.
  16. Barbieri, Teresa & Bavaro, Michele & Cirillo, Valeria, 2024. "Trapped in the care burden: occupational downward mobility of Italian couples after childbirth," GLO Discussion Paper Series 1475, Global Labor Organization (GLO).
  17. Alberto Cabezas & Carlotta Montorsi, 2025. "Life Sequence Transformer: Generative Modelling of Socio-Economic Trajectories from Administrative Data," Papers 2506.01874, arXiv.org, revised Jan 2026.
  18. Rebecca Jack & Daniel Tannenbaum & Brenden Timpe, 2025. "The Parenthood Gap: Firms and Earnings Inequality After Kids," Opportunity and Inclusive Growth Institute Working Papers 110, Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis.
  19. Bertoni, Marco & Chinetti, Simone & Nistico, Roberto, 2023. "Employment Protection, Job Insecurity, and Job Mobility," IZA Discussion Papers 16647, IZA Network @ LISER.
  20. Riepl, Franziska, 2025. "Human Capital and Motherhood: The Extent and Implications of Child Penalties in Training," VfS Annual Conference 2025 (Cologne): Revival of Industrial Policy 325436, Verein für Socialpolitik / German Economic Association.
  21. Olivetti, Claudia & Pan, Jessica & Petrongolo, Barbara, 2024. "The evolution of gender in the labor market," Handbook of Labor Economics,, Elsevier.
  22. Lebedinski, Lara & Liedl, Bernd & Skirbekk, Vegard & Steiber, Nadia & Winter-Ebmer, Rudolf, 2025. "Faith and the Child Penalty: Religious Affiliation and Gendered Earnings Losses After Childbirth," IHS Working Paper Series 59, Institute for Advanced Studies.
  23. Markus Nagler & Johannes Rincke & Erwin Winkler, 2024. "Working from home, commuting, and gender," Journal of Population Economics, Springer;European Society for Population Economics, vol. 37(3), pages 1-23, September.
  24. Koopmans, Pim & van Lent, Max & Been, Jim, 2024. "Child Penalties and the Gender Gap in Home Production and the Labor Market," IZA Discussion Papers 16871, IZA Network @ LISER.
  25. Yoko Okuyama & Takeshi Murooka & Shintaro Yamaguchi, 2026. "Unpacking the Child Penalty Using Personnel Data: How Promotion Practices Widen the Gender Pay Gap," ISER Discussion Paper 1314, Institute of Social and Economic Research, The University of Osaka.
  26. Jon H Fiva & Max-Emil M King, 2024. "Child Penalties in Politics," The Economic Journal, Royal Economic Society, vol. 134(658), pages 648-670.
  27. Olivetti, Claudia & Pan, Jessica & Petrongolo, Barbara, 2024. "The Evolution of Gender in the Labor Market," IZA Discussion Papers 17559, IZA Network @ LISER.
  28. Sébastien Fontenay & Ilan Tojerow, 2025. "Sickness absences among young mothers and the child penalty in employment," Review of Economics of the Household, Springer, vol. 23(2), pages 625-660, June.
  29. Domenico Depalo & Salvatore Lattanzio, 2023. "The increase in earnings inequality and volatility in Italy: the role and persistence of atypical contracts," Questioni di Economia e Finanza (Occasional Papers) 801, Bank of Italy, Economic Research and International Relations Area.
  30. Alessandra Casarico & Salvatore Lattanzio, 2023. "Behind the child penalty: understanding what contributes to the labour market costs of motherhood," Journal of Population Economics, Springer;European Society for Population Economics, vol. 36(3), pages 1489-1511, July.
  31. Annarita Macchioni Giaquinto, 2022. "The power of the (red) pill in Europe: pharmaceutical innovation and female empowerment," Working Papers 2022:09, Department of Economics, University of Venice "Ca' Foscari".
  32. Biasi, Paola & De Paola, Maria, 2025. "The role of parental leave policies in mitigating child penalties: insights from Italy," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 253(C).
  33. Angelo Lorenti & Jessica Nisén & Letizia Mencarini & Mikko Myrskylä, 2023. "Gendered parenthood-employment gaps in midlife: a demographic perspective across three different welfare systems," MPIDR Working Papers WP-2023-013, Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany.
  34. Cervini, Maria & Silva, José I., 2023. "Childcare restrictions and gender gap in labor outcomes," MPRA Paper 118957, University Library of Munich, Germany.
  35. Qin, Wenjing & Gu, Xin & Li, Hao, 2025. "Rising temperatures, shrinking gaps: The unexpected labor market impact of climate shocks," Economic Analysis and Policy, Elsevier, vol. 88(C), pages 845-857.
  36. Colombe, Kenneth, 2026. "Self-employed women and the motherhood penalty," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 265(C).
  37. Wang, Chen-Guang & Yin, Xu-Kang & Lu, Wei & Wang, Wei-Win, 2026. "Gender dividends in the digital economy: Exploring employment quality for female migrant workers," Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, Elsevier, vol. 79(C), pages 386-399.
  38. repec:osf:socarx:gmqd9_v1 is not listed on IDEAS
  39. Basso, Gaetano & De Paola, Maria & Lattanzio, Salvatore & Paradisi, Matteo, 2026. "Workplace Flexibility and the Motherhood Penalty: Evidence from the Diffusion of Remote Work," CEPR Discussion Papers 21486, Centre for Economic Policy Research.
  40. Banerjee, Souvik & Mukhopadhyay, Sankar & Jaiswal, Preeti, 2025. "Motherhood and Labour Market Outcomes: Penalty or Premium?," IZA Discussion Papers 18246, IZA Network @ LISER.
  41. Teresa Barbieri & Michele Bavaro & Valeria Cirillo, 2025. "Labor market downward transition of Italian couples after childbirth," SERIES 01-2025, Dipartimento di Economia e Finanza - Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", revised Feb 2025.
  42. Monica Bozzano & Simona Scabrosetti, 2026. "What Drives Gender Gaps in Preferences for Redistribution? New Evidence From the European Social Survey," Review of Income and Wealth, International Association for Research in Income and Wealth, vol. 72(3), August.
  43. Alessandra Casarico & Elena Del Rey & Jose I. Silva, 2023. "Child care costs, household liquidity constraints, and gender inequality," Journal of Population Economics, Springer;European Society for Population Economics, vol. 36(3), pages 1461-1487, July.
  44. Giulia Bettin & Isabella Giorgetti & Stefano Staffolani, 2024. "The impact of Covid-19 lockdown on the gender gap in the Italian labour market," Review of Economics of the Household, Springer, vol. 22(1), pages 1-33, March.
  45. Eliane Badaoui & Eleonora Matteazzi & Vincenzo Prete, 2024. "The role of non‐base compensation in explaining the motherhood wage gap: Evidence from Italy," Kyklos, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 77(4), pages 873-894, November.
  46. Emery, Jamie M., 2022. "Who pays the child penalty? Evidence from the panel study of income dynamics," CLEF Working Paper Series 43, Canadian Labour Economics Forum (CLEF), University of Waterloo.
  47. Francesca Carta & Alessandra Casarico & Marta De Philippis & Salvatore Lattanzio, 2024. "Mom's out: employment after childbirth and firm-level responses," Temi di discussione (Economic working papers) 1458, Bank of Italy, Economic Research and International Relations Area.
  48. Gan, Renren & Jongen, Egbert L. W. & Rabaté, Simon & Terpstra, Bo, 2025. "The Evolution of the Child Penalty and Gender-Related Inequality in the Netherlands, 1989–2022," IZA Discussion Papers 18158, IZA Network @ LISER.
  49. Lorenti, Angelo & Jessica, Nisen & Mencarini, Letizia & Myrskylä, Mikko, 2023. "Gendered parenthood-employment gaps in midlife: a demographic perspective across three different welfare systems," SocArXiv gmqd9, Center for Open Science.
  50. Zaidatul Nadiah Abu Yazid & Nurul Nadia Abd Aziz & Azeni Abu Bakar & Jolin Norshyme Hashim & Mohd Amar Aziz & Fairuez Ramli, 2025. "Exploring Research Trends in Childcare Centres: A Scientometric Review," International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS), vol. 9(4), pages 2566-2582, April.
  51. Okuyama, Yoko & Murooka, Takeshi & Yamaguchi, Shintaro, 2025. "Unpacking the Child Penalty Using Personnel Data: How Promotion Practices Widen the Gender Pay Gap," IZA Discussion Papers 17673, IZA Network @ LISER.
  52. Healy, Olivia & Heissel, Jennifer A., 2024. "Baby Bumps in the Road: The Impact of Parenthood on Job Performance, Human Capital, and Career Advancement," IZA Discussion Papers 16743, IZA Network @ LISER.
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