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CBDC and banks: Disintermediating fast and slow

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  • Bidder, Rhys
  • Jackson, Timothy P.
  • Rottner, Matthias

Abstract

We examine the impact of central bank digital currency (CBDC) on banks and the broader economy - drawing on novel survey evidence and using a structural macroeconomic model with endogenous bank runs. A substantial share of German respondents would include CBDCs in their portfolio in normal times - replacing, in part, commercial bank deposits. This is hypothetical evidence for 'slow' disintermediation of the banking system. During periods of banking distress, households' willingness to shift to CBDC is even larger, implying a risk of 'fast' disintermediation. Our structural model captures both phenomena and allows for policy prescriptions. We calibrate to the Euro area and then introduce CBDC, exploiting our survey to parameterize its demand. We find two contrasting effects of CBDC on financial stability. 'Slow' disintermediation shrinks a run-prone banking system with positive welfare effects. But the ability of CBDC to offer safety at scale makes bank-runs more likely. For reasonable calibrations, this second 'fast disintermediation' effect dominates and the introduction of CBDC decreases financial stability and welfare. However, complementing CBDC with a holding limit or pegging remuneration to policy rates can reverse these results such that CBDC is welfare improving. Such policies retain the gains of increased stability arising from 'slow' disintermediation while limiting the downsides of 'fast' disintermediation.

Suggested Citation

  • Bidder, Rhys & Jackson, Timothy P. & Rottner, Matthias, 2024. "CBDC and banks: Disintermediating fast and slow," Discussion Papers 15/2024, Deutsche Bundesbank.
    • Handle: RePEc:zbw:bubdps:299237
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    Cited by:

    1. Abad, Jorge & Nuño, Galo & Thomas, Carlos, 2025. "CBDC and the operational framework of monetary policy," Journal of Monetary Economics, Elsevier, vol. 151(C).
    2. Georgarakos, Dimitris & Kenny, Geoff & Laeven, Luc & Meyer, Justus, 2025. "Consumer attitudes towards a central bank digital currency," Working Paper Series 3035, European Central Bank.
    3. Frank van der Horst & Anneloes van Gent, 2025. "The offline digital euro and holding limits: a user-centred approach," Occasional Studies 2502, DNB.
    4. Saroj Bhattarai & Mohammad Davoodalhosseini & Zhenning Zhao, 2024. "Central Bank Digital Currency and Transmission of Monetary Policy," Staff Working Papers 24-27, Bank of Canada.
    5. Lambert, Claudia & Larkou, Chloe & Pancaro, Cosimo & Pellicani, Antonella & Sintonen, Meri, 2024. "Digital euro demand: design, individuals’ payment preferences and socioeconomic factors," Working Paper Series 2980, European Central Bank.

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    More about this item

    JEL classification:

    • E42 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Money and Interest Rates - - - Monetary Sytsems; Standards; Regimes; Government and the Monetary System
    • E44 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Money and Interest Rates - - - Financial Markets and the Macroeconomy
    • E51 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit - - - Money Supply; Credit; Money Multipliers
    • E52 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit - - - Monetary Policy
    • G21 - Financial Economics - - Financial Institutions and Services - - - Banks; Other Depository Institutions; Micro Finance Institutions; Mortgages

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