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La logistique de la mondialisation

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  • Guillaume Daudin

    (Observatoire français des conjonctures économiques (OFCE))

Abstract

La géographie humaine et physique est une variable aussi importante pour la détermination des flux du commerce international que les politiques des États. Pourtant, l’évolution des coûts du commerce liés à la géographie est bien moins connue que celle des coûts du commerce liés aux politiques commerciales. Cet article étudie l’évolution de certains coûts du commerce ne dépendant pas des États. L’existence de coûts du commerce liés à la géographie est suggérée par le succès des modèles de gravité. Ces coûts sont de deux types : coûts logistiques — de stockage et de transport — et coûts de transaction — d’établissement et d’entretien d’une relation d’échange. L’évolution du secteur de la logistique dans son ensemble aux États-Unis est connue : si les coûts de stockage relatifs au PIB américain ont bien diminué ces vingt dernières années, ce n’est pas le cas des coûts de transport. Les coûts logistiques représentent actuellement à peu près 10 % du PIB mondial. Les coûts logistiques du commerce international ne forment qu’une partie de cet ensemble. Les sources qui permettent d’étudier spécifiquement le commerce international sont de deux familles : d’une part les bases de données du commerce international, d’autre part les études de prix microéconomiques. Aucune ne permet d’étudier de manière satisfaisante l’évolution des coûts de transport à service rendu constant. En théorie, la comparaison de la valeur des exportations mondiales et de la valeur des importations mondiales devrait permettre de calculer les coûts de transport payés par l’économie mondiale pour l’ensemble de son commerce. Ces données présentent toutefois trop d’imperfections pour être utilisables. Quelques bases de données cherchent à améliorer les statistiques brutes en utilisant des sources nationales, notamment américaines. Les États-Unis collectent en effet les coûts de transport associés aux biens qu’ils importent. Il apparaît que les coûts de transport supportés par les importations américaines n’ont pas baissé en termes relatifs depuis 1973. Ce résultat ne prend en compte ni les effets de composition, ni les effets de qualité. Si l’on prend en compte la modification de la composition du commerce, on observe une hausse des coûts du transport supportés par les importations américaines entre 1973 et 1985, puis une baisse jusqu’à la fin des années 1990. Les études microéconomiques présentent des résultats similaires. L’étude des indices de prix du transport maritime montre que le coût du transport des biens n’a pas diminué en termes réels, ni pour les navires loués au voyage ou au temps, ni pour les lignes régulières — malgré l’introduction des conteneurs. Cela est dû à la baisse des prix relatifs des biens échangeables et aux pratiques anti-concurrentielles qui sévissent probablement sur le marché du transport maritime. Les coûts portuaires n’ont que faiblement baissé depuis les années 1950. Par contre, les coûts du transport aérien et du transport terrestre ont diminué. Malgré les progrès techniques, il n’y a pas eu de baisse globale massive des coûts de transport en proportion de la valeur des biens échangés depuis la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Cela s’explique bien sûr par l’amélioration de la qualité des services de transport, délais et sécurité, mais peut-être aussi par l’existence de pratiques anti-concurrentielles dans le secteur maritime. La lutte contre celles-ci devrait conduire à des améliorations qui seront peut-être mitigées par l’existence de pratiques similaires dans le secteur du transport aérien et les exigences nouvelles de sécurité qui ont fait suite au 11 septembre 2001.

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  • Guillaume Daudin, 2003. "La logistique de la mondialisation," Sciences Po publications info:hdl:2441/688, Sciences Po.
  • Handle: RePEc:spo:wpmain:info:hdl:2441/688
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    Cited by:

    1. Guillaume Daudin, 2006. "Paying Transaction Costs," Documents de Travail de l'OFCE 2006-14, Observatoire Francais des Conjonctures Economiques (OFCE).
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    3. Guillaume Daudin & Paola Monperrus-Veroni & Christine Rifflart & Danielle Schweisguth, 2006. "Le commerce extérieur en valeur ajoutée," Revue de l'OFCE, Presses de Sciences-Po, vol. 98(3), pages 129-165.
    4. Guillaume Daudin, 2005. "Les transactions de la mondialisation," Revue de l'OFCE, Presses de Sciences-Po, vol. 92(1), pages 221-262.
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    7. Elisaveta Archanskaia & Guillaume Daudin, 2012. "Heterogeneity and the Distance Puzzle," Documents de Travail de l'OFCE 2012-17, Observatoire Francais des Conjonctures Economiques (OFCE).
    8. repec:spo:wpecon:info:hdl:2441/2537 is not listed on IDEAS
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    12. Sophie Masson & Romain Petiot, 2013. "Logistique et territoire : multiplicité des interactions et forces de régulation," Géographie, économie, société, Lavoisier, vol. 15(4), pages 385-412.
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    More about this item

    Keywords

    Politique commerciale; Coût du commerce; Coût de transport;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • F19 - International Economics - - Trade - - - Other
    • N70 - Economic History - - Economic History: Transport, International and Domestic Trade, Energy, and Other Services - - - General, International, or Comparative

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