IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/p/pra/mprapa/128944.html

Sentiment as Early Warning: A Systemic Risk Index for the Philippines

Author

Listed:
  • Cruz, Lizelle Ann

Abstract

Systemic risk remains a key concern for financial authorities, especially in emerging economies where traditional, low‑frequency balance sheet indicators often lag changing conditions. This study develops a high‑frequency Systemic Risk Sentiment Index (SRSI) for the Philippines using news headlines from 2011–2025 and an ensemble of domain‑specific financial sentiment models. Results show that negative sentiment is mainly driven by external‑sector developments, market volatility, and equity‑related news, with surges aligning with global and domestic stress episodes. Empirical tests indicate only modest predictive power for domestic equity returns, and misclassifications highlight challenges in capturing nuances of Philippine financial reporting. Overall, the SRSI is best viewed as a responsive, real‑time barometer that complements conventional systemic risk measures.

Suggested Citation

  • Cruz, Lizelle Ann, 2026. "Sentiment as Early Warning: A Systemic Risk Index for the Philippines," MPRA Paper 128944, University Library of Munich, Germany, revised 06 Apr 2026.
    • Handle: RePEc:pra:mprapa:128944
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/128944/1/MPRA_paper_128944.pdf
    File Function: original version
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    Other versions of this item:

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Fernandez, Raul & Palma Guizar, Brenda & Rho, Caterina, 2021. "A sentiment-based risk indicator for the Mexican financial sector," Latin American Journal of Central Banking (previously Monetaria), Elsevier, vol. 2(3).
    2. Svetlana Borovkova & Evgeny Garmaev & Philip Lammers & Jordi Rustige, 2017. "SenSR: A sentiment-based systemic risk indicator," DNB Working Papers 553, Netherlands Central Bank, Research Department.
    3. Kremer, Manfred & Lo Duca, Marco & Holló, Dániel, 2012. "CISS - a composite indicator of systemic stress in the financial system," Working Paper Series 1426, European Central Bank.
    4. Kearney, Colm & Liu, Sha, 2014. "Textual sentiment in finance: A survey of methods and models," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 33(C), pages 171-185.
    5. repec:ecb:ecbwps:20111426 is not listed on IDEAS
    6. Andrew G. Haldane & Robert M. May, 2011. "Systemic risk in banking ecosystems," Nature, Nature, vol. 469(7330), pages 351-355, January.
    7. Viral Acharya & Robert Engle & Matthew Richardson, 2012. "Capital Shortfall: A New Approach to Ranking and Regulating Systemic Risks," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 102(3), pages 59-64, May.
    8. Claudio Borio, 2014. "The financial cycle and macroeconomics: what have we learned and what are the policy implications?," Chapters, in: Ewald Nowotny & Doris Ritzberger-Grünwald & Peter Backé (ed.), Financial Cycles and the Real Economy, chapter 2, pages 10-35, Edward Elgar Publishing.
    9. Scott R. Baker & Nicholas Bloom & Steven J. Davis, 2016. "Measuring Economic Policy Uncertainty," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, President and Fellows of Harvard College, vol. 131(4), pages 1593-1636.
    10. Tim Loughran & Bill McDonald, 2020. "Textual Analysis in Finance," Annual Review of Financial Economics, Annual Reviews, vol. 12(1), pages 357-375, December.
    11. Ilias Filippou & Christian Garciga & James Mitchell & My T. Nguyen, 2024. "Regional Economic Sentiment: Constructing Quantitative Estimates from the Beige Book and Testing Their Ability to Forecast Recessions," Economic Commentary, Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland, vol. 2024(08), pages 1-8, April.
    12. Borio, Claudio, 2014. "The financial cycle and macroeconomics: What have we learnt?," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 45(C), pages 182-198.
    13. Aikman, David & Kiley, Michael & Lee, Seung Jung & Palumbo, Michael G. & Warusawitharana, Missaka, 2017. "Mapping heat in the U.S. financial system," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 81(C), pages 36-64.
    14. Samitas, Aristeidis & Kampouris, Elias & Kenourgios, Dimitris, 2020. "Machine learning as an early warning system to predict financial crisis," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 71(C).
    15. repec:fip:fedcwq:98080 is not listed on IDEAS
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Stolbov, Mikhail & Shchepeleva, Maria & Karminsky, Alexander, 2022. "When central bank research meets Google search: A sentiment index of global financial stress," Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, Elsevier, vol. 81(C).
    2. Olivier de Bandt & Jean-Cyprien Héam & Claire Labonne & Santiago Tavolaro, 2015. "La mesure du risque systémique après la crise financière," Revue économique, Presses de Sciences-Po, vol. 66(3), pages 481-500.
    3. Narayan, Shivani & Kumar, Dilip, 2024. "Macroprudential policy and systemic risk in G20 nations," Journal of Financial Stability, Elsevier, vol. 75(C).
    4. Davit Gondauri, 2026. "A Diagnostics-First Composite Index for Macro-Financial Resilience to Socioeconomic Challenges: The Gondauri Index with Benchmarking and Scenario Evidence," Papers 2604.12368, arXiv.org.
    5. Zhang, Ailian & Pan, Mengmeng & Liu, Bai & Weng, Yin-Che, 2020. "Systemic risk: The coordination of macroprudential and monetary policies in China," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 93(C), pages 415-429.
    6. Duprey, Thibaut & Klaus, Benjamin, 2022. "Early warning or too late? A (pseudo-)real-time identification of leading indicators of financial stress," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 138(C).
    7. Schüler, Yves S. & Hiebert, Paul P. & Peltonen, Tuomas A., 2020. "Financial cycles: Characterisation and real-time measurement," Journal of International Money and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 100(C).
    8. Martínez, Juan Francisco & Oda, Daniel, 2021. "Characterization of the Chilean financial cycle, early warning indicators and implications for macro-prudential policies," Latin American Journal of Central Banking (previously Monetaria), Elsevier, vol. 2(1).
    9. Rozite, Kristiana & Bezemer, Dirk J. & Jacobs, Jan P.A.M., 2019. "Towards a financial cycle for the U.S., 1973–2014," The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 50(C).
    10. Ebrahimi Kahou, Mahdi & Lehar, Alfred, 2017. "Macroprudential policy: A review," Journal of Financial Stability, Elsevier, vol. 29(C), pages 92-105.
    11. Rivolta, Giulia & Trecroci, Carmine, 2020. "Measuring the effects of U.S. uncertainty and monetary conditions on EMEs' macroeconomic dynamics," MPRA Paper 99403, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    12. Omar Chafik, 2020. "The amplifier/divider mechanism of the financial cycle," International Economics and Economic Policy, Springer, vol. 17(2), pages 363-380, May.
    13. Hu, Chunyang & Zhou, Yang, 2025. "Do domestic and US economic policy uncertainty increase China’s macro-financial risk connectedness?," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 80(C).
    14. Chadwick, Meltem Gulenay & Ozturk, Huseyin, 2019. "Measuring financial systemic stress for Turkey: A search for the best composite indicator," Economic Systems, Elsevier, vol. 43(1), pages 151-172.
    15. Fernandez, Raul & Palma Guizar, Brenda & Rho, Caterina, 2021. "A sentiment-based risk indicator for the Mexican financial sector," Latin American Journal of Central Banking (previously Monetaria), Elsevier, vol. 2(3).
    16. Marc Schmitt, 2026. "Algorithmic Monitoring: Measuring Market Stress with Machine Learning," Papers 2602.07066, arXiv.org.
    17. Layal MansourIshrakieh & Leila Dagher & Sadika El Hariri, 2020. "A financial stress index for a highly dollarized developing country : The case of Lebanon," Central Bank Review, Research and Monetary Policy Department, Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey, vol. 20(2), pages 43-52.
    18. Luca Moller, 2026. "A composite indicator of systemic risk related to the Italian financial cycle," Questioni di Economia e Finanza (Occasional Papers) 1007, Bank of Italy, Economic Research and International Relations Area.
    19. Duprey, Thibaut & Klaus, Benjamin & Peltonen, Tuomas, 2017. "Dating systemic financial stress episodes in the EU countries," Journal of Financial Stability, Elsevier, vol. 32(C), pages 30-56.
    20. Lee, Seung Jung & Posenau, Kelly E. & Stebunovs, Viktors, 2020. "The anatomy of financial vulnerabilities and banking crises," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 112(C).

    More about this item

    Keywords

    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;

    JEL classification:

    • C43 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Econometric and Statistical Methods: Special Topics - - - Index Numbers and Aggregation
    • C55 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Econometric Modeling - - - Large Data Sets: Modeling and Analysis
    • E44 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Money and Interest Rates - - - Financial Markets and the Macroeconomy
    • G14 - Financial Economics - - General Financial Markets - - - Information and Market Efficiency; Event Studies; Insider Trading

    NEP fields

    This paper has been announced in the following NEP Reports:

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:pra:mprapa:128944. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Joachim Winter (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://edirc.repec.org/data/vfmunde.html .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.