IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/p/pra/mprapa/126943.html

Bank Liquidity and the Transmission of Monetary Policy: Micro-Level Evidence from Indian Banks

Author

Listed:
  • Ansari, Md Gyasuddin
  • Sensarma, Rudra

Abstract

This paper examines how bank-level liquidity conditions shape the transmission of monetary policy in a large emerging economy. Using a panel of Indian commercial banks over the period 2005-2020, we test whether liquidity positions influence how banks adjust their lending behaviour in response to policy rate changes. We construct multiple measures of bank liquidity, based on liquid asset holdings, short-term funding dependence, and balance-sheet maturity, and estimate dynamic panel models that allow for bank-specific heterogeneity in the pass-through of monetary policy. Our results show that bank liquidity is a powerful amplifier of the monetary transmission mechanism. Banks with lower liquidity react more strongly to contractionary policy by reducing loan growth, while highly liquid banks are better able to cushion the impact of policy tightening. The asymmetry is economically significant and persists across alternative liquidity definitions, model specifications, and sub-samples. We also find that liquidity interacts with bank size, capitalisation, and ownership to produce differentiated responses to monetary shocks. These findings highlight the importance of liquidity management and prudential regulation in strengthening monetary policy effectiveness, particularly in emerging market banking systems where funding structures vary widely across institutions. The results have implications for liquidity regulation, lender-of-last-resort frameworks, and macro-prudential policy design.

Suggested Citation

  • Ansari, Md Gyasuddin & Sensarma, Rudra, 2023. "Bank Liquidity and the Transmission of Monetary Policy: Micro-Level Evidence from Indian Banks," MPRA Paper 126943, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    • Handle: RePEc:pra:mprapa:126943
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/126943/1/MPRA_paper_126943.pdf
    File Function: original version
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Yener Altunbas & Leonardo Gambacorta & David Marques-Ibanez, 2010. "Does monetary policy affect bank risk-taking?," BIS Working Papers 298, Bank for International Settlements.
    2. Mishra, Ankita & Burns, Kelly, 2017. "The effect of liquidity shocks on the bank lending channel: Evidence from India," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 52(C), pages 55-76.
    3. Takeda, Tony & Rocha, Fabiana & Nakane, Márcio I., 2005. "The Reaction of Bank Lending to Monetary Policy in Brazil," Revista Brasileira de Economia - RBE, EPGE Brazilian School of Economics and Finance - FGV EPGE (Brazil), vol. 59(1), January.
    4. Aleem, Abdul, 2010. "Transmission mechanism of monetary policy in India," Journal of Asian Economics, Elsevier, vol. 21(2), pages 186-197, April.
    5. Gambacorta, Leonardo, 2005. "Inside the bank lending channel," European Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 49(7), pages 1737-1759, October.
    6. Viral V. Acharya & Philipp Schnabl, 2010. "Do Global Banks Spread Global Imbalances? The Case of Asset-Backed Commercial Paper During the Financial Crisis of 2007-09," NBER Working Papers 16079, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    7. Claudio Borio & Leonardo Gambacorta & Boris Hofmann, 2017. "The influence of monetary policy on bank profitability," International Finance, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 20(1), pages 48-63, March.
    8. Kim, Dohan & Sohn, Wook, 2017. "The effect of bank capital on lending: Does liquidity matter?," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 77(C), pages 95-107.
    9. Bhattacharya, Rudrani & Patnaik, Ila & Shah, Ajay, 2011. "Monetary policy transmission in an emerging market setting," Working Papers 11/78, National Institute of Public Finance and Policy.
    10. Jiménez, Gabriel & Ongena, Steven & Peydró, José-Luis & Saurina, Jesús, 2012. "Credit Supply and Monetary Policy: Identifying the Bank Balance-Sheet Channel with Loan Applications," EconStor Open Access Articles and Book Chapters, ZBW - Leibniz Information Centre for Economics, vol. 102(5), pages 2301-2326.
    11. Hosono, Kaoru, 2006. "The transmission mechanism of monetary policy in Japan: Evidence from banks' balance sheets," Journal of the Japanese and International Economies, Elsevier, vol. 20(3), pages 380-405, September.
    12. Nachane, Dilip & Ghosh, Saibal & Ray, Partha, 2006. "Basel II and bank lending behavior: some likely implications for monetary policy," MPRA Paper 3841, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    13. Fungáčová, Zuzana & Nuutilainen, Riikka & Weill, Laurent, 2016. "Reserve requirements and the bank lending channel in China," Journal of Macroeconomics, Elsevier, vol. 50(C), pages 37-50.
    14. Jeremy C. Stein & Anil K. Kashyap, 2000. "What Do a Million Observations on Banks Say about the Transmission of Monetary Policy?," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 90(3), pages 407-428, June.
    15. Pop, Ionuț Daniel & Cepoi, Cosmin Octavian & Anghel, Dan Gabriel, 2018. "Liquidity-threshold effect in non-performing loans," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 27(C), pages 124-128.
    16. Myung Hwan Seo & Sueyoul Kim & Young-Joo Kim, 2019. "Estimation of dynamic panel threshold model using Stata," Stata Journal, StataCorp LLC, vol. 19(3), pages 685-697, September.
    17. Tai-Wei Hu & Guillaume Rocheteau, 2015. "Monetary Policy and Asset Prices: A Mechanism Design Approach," Post-Print hal-04149210, HAL.
    18. Tai‐Wei Hu & Guillaume Rocheteau, 2015. "Monetary Policy and Asset Prices: A Mechanism Design Approach," Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, Blackwell Publishing, vol. 47(S2), pages 39-76, June.
    19. Im, Kyung So & Pesaran, M. Hashem & Shin, Yongcheol, 2003. "Testing for unit roots in heterogeneous panels," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 115(1), pages 53-74, July.
    20. Asim Ijaz Khwaja & Atif Mian, 2008. "Tracing the Impact of Bank Liquidity Shocks: Evidence from an Emerging Market," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 98(4), pages 1413-1442, September.
    21. repec:bla:ecpoli:v:26:y:2011:i:66:p:135-182 is not listed on IDEAS
    22. Bhaumik, Sumon Kumar & Piesse, Jenifer, 2008. "Does lending behaviour of banks in emerging economies vary by ownership? Evidence from the Indian banking sector," Economic Systems, Elsevier, vol. 32(2), pages 177-196, June.
    23. Kashyap, Anil K & Stein, Jeremy C & Wilcox, David W, 1996. "Monetary Policy and Credit Conditions: Evidence from the Composition of External Finance: Reply," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 86(1), pages 310-314, March.
    24. Kanhaiya Singh & Kaliappa Kalirajan, 2007. "Monetary Transmission in Post-Reform India: An Evaluation," Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 12(2), pages 158-187.
    25. Ms. Margaux MacDonald & Ms. TengTeng Xu, 2022. "Financial Sector and Economic Growth in India," IMF Working Papers 2022/137, International Monetary Fund.
    26. Pesaran, M. Hashem, 2015. "Time Series and Panel Data Econometrics," OUP Catalogue, Oxford University Press, number 9780198759980.
    27. Seo, Myung Hwan & Shin, Yongcheol, 2016. "Dynamic panels with threshold effect and endogeneity," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 195(2), pages 169-186.
    28. Altunbas, Yener & Gambacorta, Leonardo & Marques-Ibanez, David, 2010. "Bank risk and monetary policy," Journal of Financial Stability, Elsevier, vol. 6(3), pages 121-129, September.
    29. Md Gyasuddin Ansari & Rudra Sensarma, 2022. "What Explains Excess Liquidity of Banks? Empirical Evidence from India," Journal of Emerging Market Finance, Institute for Financial Management and Research, vol. 21(4), pages 477-503, December.
    30. Gunji, Hiroshi & Yuan, Yuan, 2010. "Bank profitability and the bank lending channel: Evidence from China," Journal of Asian Economics, Elsevier, vol. 21(2), pages 129-141, April.
    31. Hansen, Bruce E., 1999. "Threshold effects in non-dynamic panels: Estimation, testing, and inference," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 93(2), pages 345-368, December.
    32. Leonardo Gambacorta & David Marques-Ibanez, 2011. "The bank lending channel: lessons from the crisis [Financial intermediaries and monetary economics]," Economic Policy, CEPR, CESifo, Sciences Po;CES;MSH, vol. 26(66), pages 135-182.
    33. Nachane, Dilip & Ghosh, Saibal & Ray, Partha, 2006. "Basel II and bank lending behavior: Some likely implications for monetary policy in India," MPRA Paper 3840, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    34. Anil K. Kashyap & Raghuram Rajan & Jeremy C. Stein, 2002. "Banks as Liquidity Providers: An Explanation for the Coexistence of Lending and Deposit‐taking," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 57(1), pages 33-73, February.
    35. Mr. Magnus Saxegaard, 2006. "Excess Liquidity and Effectiveness of Monetary Policy: Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa," IMF Working Papers 2006/115, International Monetary Fund.
    36. Biplab Kumar Guru & Inder Sekhar Yadav, 2019. "Financial development and economic growth: panel evidence from BRICS," Journal of Economics, Finance and Administrative Science, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 24(47), pages 113-126, February.
    37. Roberto A. De Santis & Paolo Surico, 2013. "Bank lending and monetary transmission in the euro area [Bank capital, bank lending and monetary policy in the euro area]," Economic Policy, CEPR, CESifo, Sciences Po;CES;MSH, vol. 28(75), pages 423-457.
    38. repec:bla:ecpoli:v:28:y:2013:i:75:p:423-457 is not listed on IDEAS
    39. M. Hashem Pesaran, 2007. "A simple panel unit root test in the presence of cross-section dependence," Journal of Applied Econometrics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 22(2), pages 265-312.
    40. Viral V Acharya & Philipp Schnabl, 2010. "Do Global Banks Spread Global Imbalances? Asset-Backed Commercial Paper during the Financial Crisis of 2007–09," IMF Economic Review, Palgrave Macmillan;International Monetary Fund, vol. 58(1), pages 37-73, August.
    41. Douglas W. Diamond & Raghuram G. Rajan, 2001. "Liquidity Risk, Liquidity Creation, and Financial Fragility: A Theory of Banking," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 109(2), pages 287-327, April.
    42. Bhaumik, Sumon Kumar & Dang, Vinh & Kutan, Ali M., 2011. "Implications of bank ownership for the credit channel of monetary policy transmission: Evidence from India," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 35(9), pages 2418-2428, September.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Md Gyasuddin Ansari & Rudra Sensarma, 2023. "The role of liquidity in monetary policy transmission: Evidence from Indian banks," Scottish Journal of Political Economy, Scottish Economic Society, vol. 70(5), pages 439-458, November.
    2. Md Gyasuddin Ansari & Rudra Sensarma, 2021. "Response of Bank Lending to Monetary Policy in India: Does Liquidity Matter?Abstract: We examine the role of bank liquidity in monetary policy transmission in India. We apply threshold panel regression with liquid assets of banks as the threshold var," Working papers 428, Indian Institute of Management Kozhikode.
    3. Rakshit, Bijoy & Bardhan, Samaresh, 2023. "Does bank competition affect the transmission mechanism of monetary policy through bank lending channel? Evidence from India," Journal of Asian Economics, Elsevier, vol. 86(C).
    4. Md Gyasuddin Ansari & Rudra Sensarma, 2025. "Monetary Policy, Interbank Liquidity, and Lending Behavior of Banks in India," Journal of Emerging Market Finance, Institute for Financial Management and Research, vol. 24(2), pages 194-217, June.
    5. Albertazzi, Ugo & Barbiero, Francesca & Marqués-Ibáñez, David & Popov, Alexander & Rodriguez d’Acri, Costanza & Vlassopoulos, Thomas, 2020. "Monetary policy and bank stability: the analytical toolbox reviewed," Working Paper Series 2377, European Central Bank.
    6. Burietz, Aurore & Picault, Matthieu, 2023. "To lend or not to lend? The ECB as the ‘intermediary of last resort’," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 122(C).
    7. Fungáčová, Zuzana & Nuutilainen, Riikka & Weill, Laurent, 2016. "Reserve requirements and the bank lending channel in China," Journal of Macroeconomics, Elsevier, vol. 50(C), pages 37-50.
    8. Nguyen, Vu Hong Thai & Boateng, Agyenim, 2013. "The impact of excess reserves beyond precautionary levels on Bank Lending Channels in China," Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, Elsevier, vol. 26(C), pages 358-377.
    9. Cubillas, Elena & Suárez, Nuria, 2018. "Bank market power and lending during the global financial crisis," Journal of International Money and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 89(C), pages 1-22.
    10. Cantú, Carlos & Claessens, Stijn & Gambacorta, Leonardo, 2022. "How do bank-specific characteristics affect lending? New evidence based on credit registry data from Latin America," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 135(C).
    11. Pirozhkova, Ekaterina & Viegi, Nicola, 2025. "The bank lending channel of monetary policy transmission in South Africa," The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 104(C).
    12. Paola Morales & Daniel Osorio-Rodríguez & Juan S. Lemus-Esquivel & Miguel Sarmiento, 2021. "The internationalization of domestic banks and the credit channel of monetary policy," Borradores de Economia 1181, Banco de la Republica de Colombia.
    13. Morales, Paola & Osorio, Daniel & Lemus, Juan S. & Sarmiento Paipilla, Miguel, 2021. "The Internationalization of Domestic Banks and the Credit Channel of Monetary Policy," Discussion Paper 2021-028, Tilburg University, Center for Economic Research.
    14. Lee, Seungyoon & Bowdler, Christopher, 2022. "International spillovers from US monetary policy: Evidence from Asian bank-level data," Journal of International Money and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 127(C).
    15. Morales, Paola & Osorio, Daniel & Lemus, Juan S. & Sarmiento Paipilla, Miguel, 2021. "The Internationalization of Domestic Banks and the Credit Channel of Monetary Policy," Other publications TiSEM a8a61825-7d96-4635-8e61-8, Tilburg University, School of Economics and Management.
    16. Morales, Paola & Osorio, Daniel & Lemus, Juan S. & Sarmiento, Miguel, 2022. "The internationalization of domestic banks and the credit channel of monetary policy," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 135(C).
    17. van Holle, Frederiek, 2017. "Essays in empirical finance and monetary policy," Other publications TiSEM 30d11a4b-7bc9-4c81-ad24-5, Tilburg University, School of Economics and Management.
    18. Stijn Claessens & M Ayhan Kose, 2018. "Frontiers of macrofinancial linkages," BIS Papers, Bank for International Settlements, number 95, November.
    19. Cantú, Carlos & Lobato, Roberto & López, Calixto & López-Gallo, Fabrizio, 2022. "A loan-level analysis of financial resilience in Mexico," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 135(C).
    20. Morales, Paola & Osorio, Daniel & Lemus, Juan S. & Sarmiento Paipilla, Miguel, 2021. "The Internationalization of Domestic Banks and the Credit Channel of Monetary Policy," Other publications TiSEM 51d7c0c0-bcf4-4031-9e45-e, Tilburg University, School of Economics and Management.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;

    JEL classification:

    • C23 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Single Equation Models; Single Variables - - - Models with Panel Data; Spatio-temporal Models
    • E44 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Money and Interest Rates - - - Financial Markets and the Macroeconomy
    • E52 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit - - - Monetary Policy
    • E58 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit - - - Central Banks and Their Policies
    • G21 - Financial Economics - - Financial Institutions and Services - - - Banks; Other Depository Institutions; Micro Finance Institutions; Mortgages

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:pra:mprapa:126943. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Joachim Winter (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://edirc.repec.org/data/vfmunde.html .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.