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Maternal Investments in Children: The Role of Expected Effort and Returns

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  • Bhalotra, Sonia R.

    (University of Warwick)

  • Delavande, Adeline

    (University of Technology, Sydney)

  • Gilabert, Paulino Font

    (University of Essex)

  • Maselko, Joanna

    (University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill)

Abstract

We investigate the importance of subjective expectations of returns to and effort costs of the two main investments that mothers make in newborns: breastfeeding and stimulation. We find heterogeneity across mothers in expected effort costs and expected returns for outcomes in the cognitive, socio-emotional and health domains, and we show that this contributes to explaining heterogeneity in investments. We find no significant heterogeneity in preferences for child developmental outcomes. We simulate the impact of various policies on investments. Our findings highlight the relevance of interventions designed to reduce perinatal fatigue alongside interventions that increase perceived returns to investments.

Suggested Citation

  • Bhalotra, Sonia R. & Delavande, Adeline & Gilabert, Paulino Font & Maselko, Joanna, 2020. "Maternal Investments in Children: The Role of Expected Effort and Returns," IZA Discussion Papers 13056, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
    • Handle: RePEc:iza:izadps:dp13056
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    Cited by:

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    2. Francesco Capozza, 2024. "Beliefs about the Gender Gap in Salary Negotiations," CESifo Working Paper Series 11228, CESifo.
    3. Michele Giannola, 2024. "Parental Investments and Intra-household Inequality in Child Human Capital: Evidence from a Survey Experiment," The Economic Journal, Royal Economic Society, vol. 134(658), pages 671-727.
    4. Gabriella Conti & Michele Giannola & Alessandro Toppeta, 2024. "Parental beliefs, perceived health risks, and time investment in children," IFS Working Papers W24/15, Institute for Fiscal Studies.
    5. Kiessling, Lukas, 2021. "How do parents perceive the returns to parenting styles and neighborhoods?," European Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 139(C).
    6. Greta Morando & Sonkurt Sen & Almudena Sevilla, 2024. "Maternal Beliefs and Long-Term Child Skill Development," CRC TR 224 Discussion Paper Series crctr224_2024_498, University of Bonn and University of Mannheim, Germany.
    7. Flavio Cunha & Marsha Gerdes & Qinyou Hu & Snejana Nihtianova, 2023. "Language Environment and Maternal Expectations: An Evaluation of the LENA Start Program," NBER Working Papers 30837, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    8. Cunha, Flávio & Elo, Irma & Culhane, Jennifer, 2022. "Maternal subjective expectations about the technology of skill formation predict investments in children one year later," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 231(1), pages 3-32.
    9. Michael Cuna & Lenka Fiala & Min Sok Lee & John A. List & Sutanuka Roy, 2025. "The Role of Risk and Ambiguity Preferences on Early-Childhood Investment: Evidence from Rural India," NBER Working Papers 33610, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    10. Gabriella Conti & Pamela Giustinelli, 2025. "For Better or Worse? Subjective Expectations and Cost‐Benefit Trade‐Offs in Health Behavior: An Application to Lockdown Compliance in the United Kingdom," Health Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 34(5), pages 992-1012, May.
    11. Flavio Cunha & Irma Elo & Jennifer Culhane, 2021. "Maternal Subjective Expectations about the Technology of Skill Formation Predict Investments in Children One Year Later," Working Papers 2021-018, Human Capital and Economic Opportunity Working Group.
    12. John List & Julie Pernaudet & Dana Suskind, 2021. "It All Starts with Beliefs: Addressing the Roots of Educational Inequities by Changing Parental Beliefs," Framed Field Experiments 00740, The Field Experiments Website.
    13. Siddique, Abu & Islam, Asad & Mozumder, Tanvir Ahmed & Rahman, Tabassum & Shatil, Tanvir, 2022. "Forced Displacement, Mental Health, and Child Development: Evidence from the Rohingya Refugees," SocArXiv b4fc7, Center for Open Science.
    14. Wang, Haining & Cheng, Zhiming & Smyth, Russell, 2022. "Parental misbeliefs and household investment in children's education," Economics of Education Review, Elsevier, vol. 89(C).
    15. Gabriella Conti & Pamela Giustinelli, 2023. "For better or worse? Subjective expectations and cost-benefit trade-offs in health behavior," IFS Working Papers W23/19, Institute for Fiscal Studies.

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    More about this item

    Keywords

    subjective expectations; maternal investment; early life; child development; beliefs; maternal depression; psychic costs; effort costs;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • I12 - Health, Education, and Welfare - - Health - - - Health Behavior
    • I15 - Health, Education, and Welfare - - Health - - - Health and Economic Development
    • J24 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demand and Supply of Labor - - - Human Capital; Skills; Occupational Choice; Labor Productivity

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