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Why women are progressive in education?: Gender disparities in human capital, labor markets, and family arrangement in the Philippines

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  • Yamauchi, Futoshi
  • Tiongco, Marites

Abstract

This paper shows mutually consistent evidence to support female advantage in education and disadvantage in labor markets observed in the Philippines. We set up a model that shows multiple Nash equilibria to explain schooling and labor market behaviors for females and males. Our evidence from unique sibling data of schooling and work history and from the Philippine Labor Force Survey support that family arrangement to tighten commitment between daughters and parents keeps a high level of schooling investments in daughters. Because wage penalty to females in labor markets means that education is relatively important as a determinant of their earnings, parental investments in their daughters’ education has larger impacts on the income of their daughters than on their sons. Parents expect larger income shared from better-educated adult daughters. In contrast, males stay in an equilibrium, with low levels of schooling investment and income sharing.

Suggested Citation

  • Yamauchi, Futoshi & Tiongco, Marites, 2012. "Why women are progressive in education?: Gender disparities in human capital, labor markets, and family arrangement in the Philippines," IFPRI discussion papers 1155, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI).
    • Handle: RePEc:fpr:ifprid:1155
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    Cited by:

    1. Doron Shiffer-Sebba & Julia Behrman, 2021. "Gender and Wealth in Demographic Research: A Research Brief on a New Method and Application," Population Research and Policy Review, Springer;Southern Demographic Association (SDA), vol. 40(4), pages 643-659, August.
    2. Yuan, Cheng & Zhang, Lei, 2015. "Public education spending and private substitution in urban China," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 115(C), pages 124-139.
    3. Wang, Haining & Cheng, Zhiming, 2021. "Mama loves you: The gender wage gap and expenditure on children's education in China," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 188(C), pages 1015-1034.
    4. Okabe, Masayoshi, 2016. "Gender-preferential intergenerational patterns in primary educational attainment: An econometric approach to a case in rural Mindanao, the Philippines," International Journal of Educational Development, Elsevier, vol. 46(C), pages 125-142.
    5. Okabe, Masayoshi, 2018. "“Under-performing” or resilient Filipino boys in education? : listening to students’ and adults’ perspectives and backgrounds : a Western Visayas case," IDE Discussion Papers 705, Institute of Developing Economies, Japan External Trade Organization(JETRO).
    6. World Bank, 2016. "Alternative and Inclusive Learning in the Philippines," World Bank Publications - Reports 24713, The World Bank Group.
    7. Francisco, Kris A. & Tanaka, Makoto, 2019. "Does public infrastructure affect human capital? The effect of improved transport connectivity on children's education in the Philippines," Economics of Education Review, Elsevier, vol. 73(C).
    8. Sakai Yoko & Masuda Kazuya, 2020. "Secondary education and international labor mobility: evidence from the natural experiment in the Philippines," IZA Journal of Development and Migration, Sciendo & Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit GmbH (IZA), vol. 11(1), pages 1-22, January.
    9. Jose Ramon Albert & Soya Mori & Celia Reyes & Aubrey D. Tabuga & Tatsufumi Yamagata, 2015. "Income Disparity among Persons with Disabilities, Assessed by Education and Sex: Accentuated Gender Difference Found in Metro Manila, the Philippines," The Developing Economies, Institute of Developing Economies, vol. 53(4), pages 289-302, December.
    10. Masuda, Kazuya & Sakai, Yoko, 2018. "Secondary education and international labor mobility: Evidence from the free secondary education reform in the Philippines," CEI Working Paper Series 2018-5, Center for Economic Institutions, Institute of Economic Research, Hitotsubashi University.
    11. Lamichhane, Kamal & Watanabe, Takayuki, 2015. "The Effect of Disability and Gender on Returns to the Investment in Education: A Case from Metro Manilla of the Philippines," Working Papers 103, JICA Research Institute.

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    More about this item

    Keywords

    Gender; Education; Labor market; Family.;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • I21 - Health, Education, and Welfare - - Education - - - Analysis of Education
    • I25 - Health, Education, and Welfare - - Education - - - Education and Economic Development
    • J31 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs - - - Wage Level and Structure; Wage Differentials
    • J71 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Labor Discrimination - - - Hiring and Firing

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