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La croissance économique

Author

Listed:
  • David de la Croix

    (UNIVERSITE CATHOLIQUE DE LOUVAIN, Institut de Recherches Economiques et Sociales (IRES))

  • Thomas Baudin

    (UNIVERSITE CATHOLIQUE DE LOUVAIN, Centre de Recherche en Démographie)

Abstract

Nous exposons les raisons et les conséquences du passage d’une stagnation millénaire à une croissance durable et en tire des conclusions pour le futur. La quasi-stagnation qui régnait avant 1820 empêchait l’individu moyen de bénéficier d’amélioration de ses conditions de vie à l’échelle de son existence. Après 1820, dans un pays comme la Belgique, le niveau de vie de l’individu moyen a été multiplié en moyenne par 2 tous les 50 ans. Quelle que soit notre position quant à la désirabilité d'une croissance illimitée, force est de constater que la croissance des deux derniers siècles a accompagné bon nombre de d'évolutions positives: la santé (espérance de vie), l'éducation, davantage l'égalité des genres, la démocratie, l'Etat Providence. La croissance économique est donc un phénomène récent, datant de deux siècles seulement. La croissance moderne possède deux types de moteurs : (i) le moteur essentiel qu’est l’innovation, ou autrement dit, le progrès technique, (ii) des moteurs secondaires tels que l’augmentation de l'éducation et l’allongement de l'espérance de vie, l’urbanisation et la baisse de la fécondité. La question se pose aujourd'hui de savoir si cette croissance va poursuivre son chemin en suivant le sentier déterminé depuis deux siècles (vue classique), ou bien, au contraire, va-t-elle plafonner, comme si l'histoire consistait à passer d'un niveau de revenu par habitant à un autre, plus élevé (vue Malthusienne)? Nous concluons que nos moteurs secondaires de croissance semblent donc être à sec - nos économies sont en train de converger vers une situation où seuls les déplacements de la frontière technologique pourront leur permettre de croitre.

Suggested Citation

  • David de la Croix & Thomas Baudin, 2015. "La croissance économique," LIDAM Discussion Papers IRES 2015021, Université catholique de Louvain, Institut de Recherches Economiques et Sociales (IRES).
  • Handle: RePEc:ctl:louvir:2015021
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    File URL: http://sites.uclouvain.be/econ/DP/IRES/2015021.pdf
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    More about this item

    Keywords

    Stagnation; Capital; Fertility; Mortality; Education; Human Capital; Convergence; Poverty trap; Technical Progress; Decline; Inequality;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • O40 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Economic Growth and Aggregate Productivity - - - General

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