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Assurance de responsabilité et aléa moral dans les régimes de responsabilité objective et pour faute

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Abstract

Cet article analyse la désirabilité sociale de l'assurance de responsabilité lorsque les comportements de prévention sont imparfaitement observables. On sait que l'assurance de responsabilité est socialement avantageuse en responsabilité sans faute, même s'il y a aléa moral et que l'assurance réduit les incitations à la prudence. Qu'en est-il en responsabilité pour faute, si la cour n'acquiert qu'une information imparfaite sur les actions de l'auteur du dommage? Je montre que la désirabilité sociale de l'assurance ne va alors plus de soi et qu'elle dépend des risques d'erreur de première et deuxième espèce dans les jugements rendus par la cour (déclarer fautif un agent prudent et ne pas déclarer fautif un agent imprudent). J'identifie des conditions suffisantes sur les risques d'erreur pour que l'assurance de responsabilité soit avantageuse d'un point de vue social. Je montre que ces conditions sont satisfaites si le stan-dard de preuve de la cour, pour une décision en incertitude, est celui de la « prépondérance des probabilités » appliqué dans la common law et certaines juridictions civilistes. This paper analyses whether liability insurance is socially desirable, under strict liability or under the negligence rule, when the injurer's behavior is imperfectly observable. Liability insurance is known to be socially beneficial under the strict liability rule, even though it can reduce incentives to exercise due care in situations characterized by moral hazard. Does this result extend to the negligence rule, when courts obtain only imperfect information about levels of care? I show that liability insurance may fail to be socially beneficial depending on the size of type I and type II errors in courts' rulings (erroneously finding negligence when the defen-dant exerted due care vs. not finding negligence when he was careless). I give sufficient con-ditions on the type I and type II errors for liability insurance to be socially beneficial. I show that these conditions are satisfied if the courts' standard of proof for decision under uncer-tainty is the 'preponderance of the evidence' standard used in common law and some civilian jurisdictions.

Suggested Citation

  • Claude Fluet, 2002. "Assurance de responsabilité et aléa moral dans les régimes de responsabilité objective et pour faute," Cahiers de recherche CREFE / CREFE Working Papers 149, CREFE, Université du Québec à Montréal.
  • Handle: RePEc:cre:crefwp:149
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Demougin, Dominique & Fluet, Claude, 2006. "Preponderance of evidence," European Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 50(4), pages 963-976, May.
    2. Steven Shavell, 2003. "Economic Analysis of Accident Law," NBER Working Papers 9483, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    3. Claude Fluet, 1999. "Régulation des risques et insolvabilité : le rôle de la responsabilité pour faute en information imparfaite," L'Actualité Economique, Société Canadienne de Science Economique, vol. 75(1), pages 379-399.
    4. Danzon, Patricia M., 1985. "Liability and liability insurance for medical malpractice," Journal of Health Economics, Elsevier, vol. 4(4), pages 309-331, December.
    5. Steven Shavell, 1982. "On Liability and Insurance," Bell Journal of Economics, The RAND Corporation, vol. 13(1), pages 120-132, Spring.
    6. Marshall, John M, 1976. "Moral Hazard," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 66(5), pages 880-890, December.
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    Cited by:

    1. Nathalie De Marcellis-Warin, 2003. "Indemnisation des personnes victimes d'accidents évitables dans la prestation des soins de santé : Responsabilité sans égard à la faute et régimes d'indemnisation," CIRANO Project Reports 2003rp-03, CIRANO.

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    JEL classification:

    • D8 - Microeconomics - - Information, Knowledge, and Uncertainty
    • K4 - Law and Economics - - Legal Procedure, the Legal System, and Illegal Behavior

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