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Cambio Tecnol�gico, Ineficiencia de Escala e Ineficiencia X en la Banca Colombiana

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  • Rodrigo Suesc�n M.
  • Martha Misas A.

Abstract

La ausencia de presiones competitivas sobre el sector financiero desdibuja el efecto disciplinador del mercado y disminuye los costos asociados con decisiones erradas de los administradores de las firmas y explica, por lo tanto, la supervivencia de malas administraciones y la persistencia de altos m�rgenes financieros. La actividad financiera colombiana ha estado tradicionalmente protegida de la presi�n de la competencia internacional por lo que la eficiencia en costos no ha sido una preocupaci�n fundamental ni para los administradores de las firmas, ni para los supervisores de la industria ni para los reguladores, quienes no han evaluado el tama�o ni las fuentes de ineficiencia y han desestimado la importancia y la aplicaci�n de reformas estructurales dirigidas a incrementar la eficiencia financiera. Reformas de este tipo han sido llevadas a cabo durante la �ltima d�cada en los principales centros bancarios del mundo cuyos mercados, a�n en el caso de la banca al detal en el cual estamos interesados, est�n cada vez m�s integrados y sujetos a intensa competencia. Las mejoras en eficiencia tienen grandes beneficios sociales y privados. Mejoran la asignaci�n de recursos, los precios y la calidad de los servicios financieros e incrementan la rentabilidad y la solidez de los intermediarios para enfrentar los desaf�os de la competencia. Por lo contrario, la pobre administraci�n y control de costos tiene los efectos opuestos. En condiciones normales la eficiencia en la administraci�n de los costos debe ser un aspecto de vital importancia en la administraci�n, los accionistas, los supervisores , los reguladores y los consumidores, por que de ella depende la evoluci�n futura del sector y cualquier decisi�n sobre reforma bancaria. El gr�fico 1 nos ayuda a poner en contexto la dimensi�n e importancia del problema. All� se presenta el margen de intereses y comisiones netos, como proporci�n de los cr�ditos, de la banca comercial durante el per�odo 1974-1995. En el per�odo 1974-1982 �ste fluctu� alrededor de 10.8 puntos porcentuales; durante el per�odo 1983-1988, per�odo de crisis financiera, cay� a alrededor de 7.4 puntos y desde entonces, y a pesar de la llamada apertura econ�mica, �ste ha tendido a elevarse y se sit�a en 14.6 puntos en promedio durante el per�odo 1989-1995. El tama�o del margen ha causado preocupaci�n entre las autoridades y ha servido de justificaci�n para algunos intentos de liberalizaci�n, los cuales han sido muy restringidos debido al argumento de que �ste es explicado fundamentalmente por la excesiva y onerosa regulaci�n dom�stica y que �sta debe igualarse a la del argumento en especial cuando el regulador no ha estado interesado en "competir en legislaci�n". Es innegable que la excesiva regulaci�n tiene efectos sobre la eficiencia a trav�s de su impacto sobre la estructura organizacional y distorsiona las decisiones de las firmas acerca de la escogencia de la tecnolog�a apropiada para producir servicios financieros. Sin embargo, � es �sta toda la historia? �la onerosa legislaci�n dom�stica explica la totalidad del margen, como argumenta la sabidur�a convencional? Los estudios sobre eficiencia financiera en el pa�s tienen una corta historia y se han concentrado exclusivamente en analizar la posible existencia de econom�as de escala y de econom�as de producci�n conjunta (scope economies). Los escasos estudios estiman funciones de costos neocl�sicas que constituyen una representaci�n formal de un problema de minimizaci�n de costos. Las distintas estimaciones incluyen informaci�n de la mayor�a de bancos que componen el sistema bancario (entre 24 y 25 intermediarios se incluyen en los trabajos econom�tricos) por lo que impl�citamente suponen que todos se encuentran sobre la curva eficiente de costos y de entrada eluden el problema de ineficiencia debido a que cualquier desviaci�n sobre la frontera eficiente se interpreta como un error aleatorio. Desde el punto de vista de la sociedad, la �nica fuente de ineficiencia que

Suggested Citation

  • Rodrigo Suesc�n M. & Martha Misas A., 1996. "Cambio Tecnol�gico, Ineficiencia de Escala e Ineficiencia X en la Banca Colombiana," Borradores de Economia 2085, Banco de la Republica.
  • Handle: RePEc:col:000094:002085
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    1. Dairo Estrada & Poldy Osorio, 2004. "Effects Of Financial Capital On Colombian Banking Efficiency," Revista ESPE - Ensayos Sobre Política Económica, Banco de la República, vol. 22(47), pages 162-201, December.
    2. Jorge David Quinteo Otero & William Orlando Prieto Bustos & Fernando Barrios Aguirre & Laura Elena Leviller Guardo, 2008. "Determinantes de la eficiencia técnica en las empresas colombianas, 2001-2004," Revista Semestre Económico, Universidad de Medellín, November.
    3. Miguel SARMIENTOO & Andrés CEPEDA & Hernando MUTIS & Juan F. PÉREZ, 2013. "Nueva Evidencia sobre la Eficiencia de la Banca," Archivos de Economía 10705, Departamento Nacional de Planeación.
    4. Alejandro Ramírez Vigoya & Laura Cristancho, 2010. "Eficiencia en el Sector Financiero Colombiano en el Periodo 1995-2008," Revista Facultad de Ciencias Económicas, Universidad Militar Nueva Granada, December.
    5. Sergio Clavijo, 2000. "Hacia la Multibanca en Colombia: Retos y 'Retazos' Financieros," Borradores de Economia 150, Banco de la Republica de Colombia.
    6. Camilo Zea, 1999. "Financial Inefficiency And Real Business Cycle In Colombia," Borradores de Economia 2722, Banco de la Republica.
    7. Ana Mar√≠a Olaya Pardo & Manuel Ram√≠rez G√≥mez, 2004. "Aversi√≥n al riesgo y eficiencia de escala en los bancos: Incluyendo variables de riesgo y regulaci√≥n," Borradores de Investigación 4346, Universidad del Rosario.
    8. Steiner, Roberto & Barajas, Adolfo & Salazar, Natalia, 1998. "El margen de intermediación bancaria en Colombia," IDB Publications (Working Papers) 6110, Inter-American Development Bank.
    9. Michel Janna Gandur, 2003. "Eficiencia en Costos,Cambios en las Condiciones Generales del Mercado y Crisis en la Banca Colombiana: 1992-2002," Borradores de Economia 260, Banco de la Republica de Colombia.
    10. Bladimir Proaño‐Rivera & José Manuel Feria‐Dominguez, 2024. "Are Ecuadorian banks enough technically efficient for growth? A clinical study," International Journal of Finance & Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 29(2), pages 2011-2029, April.
    11. Barajas, Adolfo & Steiner, Roberto & Salazar, Natalia, 2000. "The impact of liberalization and foreign investment in Colombia's financial sector," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 63(1), pages 157-196, October.
    12. Alejandro BADEL FLOREZ, 2002. "Sistema Bancario Colombiano: ¿Somos eficientes a nivel internacional?," Archivos de Economía 3500, Departamento Nacional de Planeación.

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