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Gravity Models versus Comparative Advantage: It is not enough for trade to be free; trade should also be fit

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  • Thierry Warin

Abstract

Trade-gravity equations remain the empirical “workhorse” for bilateral flows, yet their strictly positive orientation can normalise volumes that depart from welfare-maximising cost allocations. Building on a friction-adjusted theory of comparative advantage, this article pairs gravity’s descriptive power with two normative indicators. First, a Cost-Based Comparative Advantage (CCA) index ranks exporters by total landed cost—combining f.o.b. factory prices with good-specific freight, insurance and policy wedges—for every product–destination pair. Second, the Redirection Advantage (CBRA) metric tests whether diverting an exporter’s incumbent shipments toward an alternative market would lower that market’s import bill, thereby revealing latent efficiency losses masked by path dependence, preferential agreements or behavioural frictions. Applying the framework to the densely intertwined Canada–United States corridor uncovers sizeable but highly asymmetric misallocations. Canadian aerospace producers could undercut incumbent suppliers in several European and Gulf economies by more than US$3,000 per kg, while U.S. petroleum refiners enjoy occasional triple-digit mark-ups inWest Africa and the Caribbean. By contrast, cross-border automotive and most energy exchanges exhibit negative CBRA values, signalling that the prevailing North-American supply chains are already cost-efficient. The results demonstrate how proximity, home-market bias and rules of origin can simultaneously stimulate large trade volumes and conceal Viner-style trade diversion. The study advances three contributions: (i) a tractable, product-level toolkit for diagnosing cost-inefficient trade; (ii) a theoretical bridge that embeds comparative-advantage logic inside a multi-country gravity structure; and (iii) a policy agenda that combines multilateral tariff cuts, infrastructure upgrades and real-time cost monitoring to align observed flows with global cost minima. Integrating CCA and CBRA with gravity thus offers researchers and policymakers a unified lens for ensuring that “who trades with whom” also reflects “who should trade with whom.” Le modèle de gravité demeure le cheval de bataille empirique des flux bilatéraux. Cet article associe le pouvoir descriptif du modèle à deux indicateurs normatifs. Premièrement, un indice d'avantage comparatif basé sur les coûts (ACC) classe les exportateurs selon le coût total au débarquement – combinant les prix f.à.b. usine avec les écarts de fret, d'assurance et de police spécifiques aux produits – pour chaque paire produit-destination. Deuxièmement, l'indicateur d'avantage de réorientation (AR) vérifie si le détournement des expéditions existantes d'un exportateur vers un autre marché réduirait la facture d'importation de ce marché, révélant ainsi des pertes d'efficacité latentes masquées par la dépendance au sentier, les accords préférentiels ou les frictions comportementales. L'application de ce cadre au corridor Canada-États-Unis, étroitement imbriqué, révèle des allocations très asymétriques. Les résultats démontrent comment la proximité, la préférence pour le marché intérieur et les règles d'origine peuvent simultanément stimuler d'importants volumes d'échanges et masquer un détournement des échanges de type Viner. L'étude propose trois contributions : (i) une boîte à outils exploitable au niveau des produits pour diagnostiquer les échanges commerciaux inefficaces en termes de coûts ; (ii) un cadre théorique qui intègre la logique de l'avantage comparatif dans une structure gravitationnelle multi-pays ; et (iii) un agenda de politique économique qui combine des réductions tarifaires multilatérales, des mises à niveau des infrastructures et une surveillance des coûts en temps réel pour aligner les flux observés sur les coûts minimaux mondiaux.

Suggested Citation

  • Thierry Warin, 2025. "Gravity Models versus Comparative Advantage: It is not enough for trade to be free; trade should also be fit," CIRANO Working Papers 2025s-21, CIRANO.
  • Handle: RePEc:cir:cirwor:2025s-21
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