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What Does it Take for an R&D Tax Incentive Policy to Be Effective?

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  • Pierre Mohnen
  • Boris Lokshin

Abstract

While in 1996, 12 OECD countries offered R&D tax incentives, in 2008 this number increased to 21. Most countries have opted for level-based instead of incremental R&D tax incentives. This paper takes a critical look at how the effectiveness of R&D tax incentives has been assessed in recent evaluations. Whether based on structural models estimating a price elasticity of R&D or on treatment evaluation methods, most studies estimate the cost effectiveness ratio or additionality. If the cost effectiveness ratio is greater than 1, or firms do more R&D than before, the policy is considered to be effective. A more proper net welfare evaluation of this policy should also include administration, compliance and transfer costs, the marginal burden of taxation, as well R&D externalities and the indirect effects on innovation and productivity. The net welfare gain is shown to be sensitive to a certain number of parameters that are not always estimated with great precision. In particular, the transfer cost or deadweight loss associated with level-based tax incentives is shown to depend on the size of the firm, or more precisely its ex-ante R&D level. We report on the success of a past policy changes in the Netherlands and simulate the effect of various parameter changes in the existing Dutch R&D tax incentive scheme. We show that introducing marginal changes in the schemes's parameters has little impact of increased R&D spending. The policy is more effective for small firms than for large firms. We end with a discussion of the pros and cons of level-based versus incremental R&D tax incentives. Alors qu'en 1996, 12 pays de l'OECD offraient des crédits d'impôt recherche, en 2008 ils furent au nombre de 21. La plupart des pays optent pour des crédits d'impôt en volume et non en accroissement. Nous jetons un regard critique sur la façon dont l'efficacité des incitations à la R-D a été évaluée jusqu'ici. Que ce soit sur la base de modèles structurels qui estiment une élasticité-prix à la recherche ou à partir de méthodes d'évaluation de traitement, la plupart des études testent l'existence d'un effet d'additionalité. Si les entreprises font plus qu'un dollar de recherche par dollar de crédit d'impôt, la politique est considérée comme efficace. Une analyse coût-bénéfice plus globale qui inclurait également les coûts de gestion publique et privée des crédits d'impôt, les coûts additionnels dus à la taxation, les externalités de la recherche et les effets de celle-ci sur l'innovation et la productivité, serait plus appropriée. Le bénéfice social net qui ressort d'une telle analyse est sensible à des estimations par ailleurs assez imprécises de certains de ces effets. Nous montrons que la perte sèche liée aux crédits d'impôt recherche en volume dépend du niveau de R-D exécutée avant l'entrée en vigueur des crédits d'impôt. Nous examinons l'efficacité de la politique des crédits d'impôt recherche aux Pays-Bas. Nous montrons notamment que des changements marginaux dans certains paramètres de cette politique n'ont qu'un impact limité sur les dépenses privées de recherche des entreprises. Cette politique est plus efficace pour les petites entreprises que pour les grandes. Nous terminons en pesant le pour et le contre d'une politique de crédits d'impôt en volume comparée à une politique en accroissement.

Suggested Citation

  • Pierre Mohnen & Boris Lokshin, 2009. "What Does it Take for an R&D Tax Incentive Policy to Be Effective?," CIRANO Working Papers 2009s-11, CIRANO.
  • Handle: RePEc:cir:cirwor:2009s-11
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    Cited by:

    1. Montmartin, Benjamin & Herrera, Marcos & Massard, Nadine, 2018. "The impact of the French policy mix on business R&D: How geography matters," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 47(10), pages 2010-2027.
    2. Luiz Ricardo Cavalcante & Bruno César Araújo & Donald Pianto & Fernanda De Negri & Patrick Alves, 2011. "Impactos Dos Fundos Setoriais Nasempresas," Anais do XXXVIII Encontro Nacional de Economia [Proceedings of the 38th Brazilian Economics Meeting] 124, ANPEC - Associação Nacional dos Centros de Pós-Graduação em Economia [Brazilian Association of Graduate Programs in Economics].
    3. Benjamin Montmartin & Nadine Massard, 2015. "Is Financial Support For Private R&D Always Justified? A Discussion Based On The Literature On Growth," Journal of Economic Surveys, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 29(3), pages 479-505, July.
    4. A. Minniti & F. Venturini, 2014. "R&D Policy and Schumpeterian Growth: Theory and Evidence," Working Papers wp945, Dipartimento Scienze Economiche, Universita' di Bologna.
    5. repec:spo:wpmain:info:hdl:2441/7rrsl07p559bjr85tr7hsft1o9 is not listed on IDEAS
    6. Miguel Sanchez-Martinez & Cristiana Benedetti-Fasil & Peder Christensen & Nicolas Robledo-Bottcher, 2017. "R&D tax credits and their macroeconomic impact in the EU: an assessment using QUEST III," JRC Research Reports JRC108931, Joint Research Centre.
    7. Benjamin Montmartin & Marcos Herrera & Nadine Massard, 2017. "R&D Policy regimes in France: New Evidence from a spatio-temporal Analysis," GREDEG Working Papers 2017-22, Groupe de REcherche en Droit, Economie, Gestion (GREDEG CNRS), Université Côte d'Azur, France.
    8. Castellacci, Fulvio & Lie, Christine Mee, 2015. "Do the effects of R&D tax credits vary across industries? A meta-regression analysis," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 44(4), pages 819-832.
    9. Alina O. Shapovalova & Yuriy B. Ivanov & Victoriia F. Tyschenko & Vlada V. Karpova, 2021. "Assessment of the effectiveness of anti-COVID tax support for innovation activities of small and medium-sized enterprises in OECD countries," Journal of Tax Reform, Graduate School of Economics and Management, Ural Federal University, vol. 7(1), pages 68-86.
    10. Stojchevska, Ivana & Baftijari, Agon, 2015. "The Impact of Governmental Policy on R&D Projects in the Pharmaceutical Industry," Proceedings of the ENTRENOVA - ENTerprise REsearch InNOVAtion Conference (2015), Kotor, Montengero, in: Proceedings of the ENTRENOVA - ENTerprise REsearch InNOVAtion Conference, Kotor, Montengero, 10-11 September 2015, pages 72-79, IRENET - Society for Advancing Innovation and Research in Economy, Zagreb.
    11. Montmartin, Benjamin & Herrera, Marcos, 2015. "Internal and external effects of R&D subsidies and fiscal incentives: Empirical evidence using spatial dynamic panel models," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 44(5), pages 1065-1079.
    12. Sérgio Kannebley Júnior & Bruno César Araújo & Alessandro Maffioli & Rodolfo Stucchi, 2013. "Productive Development Policies and Innovation Spillovers through Labor Force Mobility: The Case of the Brazilian Innovation Support System," Research Department Publications IDB-WP-459, Inter-American Development Bank, Research Department.
    13. Syoum Negassi & Jean-Francois Sattin, 2014. "Evaluation of Public R&D Policy: A Meta-Regression Analysis," Working Papers 14-09, University of Delaware, Department of Economics.
    14. Spyros Arvanitis, 2013. "Micro-econometric approaches to the evaluation of technology-oriented public programmes: a non-technical review of the state of the art," Chapters, in: Albert N. Link & Nicholas S. Vonortas (ed.), Handbook on the Theory and Practice of Program Evaluation, chapter 3, pages 56-88, Edward Elgar Publishing.
    15. repec:hal:spmain:info:hdl:2441/7rrsl07p559bjr85tr7hsft1o9 is not listed on IDEAS
    16. Wojciech Grabowski & Krzysztof Szczygielski & M. Teoman Pamukçu & Sinan Tandogan, 2013. "Does Government Support for Private Innovation Matter? Firm Level Evidence from Turkey and Poland," CASE Network E-briefs 3, CASE-Center for Social and Economic Research.
    17. Julien Pénin, 2013. "Devrait-on obliger les entreprises à investir en R&D ? Vers une approche des politiques d’innovation par la responsabilité des entreprises," Working Papers of BETA 2013-11, Bureau d'Economie Théorique et Appliquée, UDS, Strasbourg.
    18. Federico Revelli, 2013. "Tax incentives for cultural heritage conservation," Chapters, in: Ilde Rizzo & Anna Mignosa (ed.), Handbook on the Economics of Cultural Heritage, chapter 6, pages i-i, Edward Elgar Publishing.

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    More about this item

    Keywords

    R&D tax credits; policy evaluation; cost-benefit analysis; crédits d'impôt recherche; évaluation de politiques; analyse coût-bénéfice.;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • O32 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Innovation; Research and Development; Technological Change; Intellectual Property Rights - - - Management of Technological Innovation and R&D
    • O38 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Innovation; Research and Development; Technological Change; Intellectual Property Rights - - - Government Policy
    • H25 - Public Economics - - Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue - - - Business Taxes and Subsidies
    • H50 - Public Economics - - National Government Expenditures and Related Policies - - - General

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