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Consumer Spending During Extreme Hydrometeorological Events in Costa Rica

Author

Listed:
  • Catalina Sandoval-Alvarado

    (Department of Economic Research, Central Bank of Costa Rica)

  • Mónica Rodríguez-Zúñiga

    (Department of Integration and Data Analysis, Central Bank of Costa Rica)

Abstract

Greater climate variability and the increase in the frequency and severity of extreme weather events represent major economic and social challenges. Unusual weather conditions can alter consumption patterns and have macroeconomic implications. This paper examines the relationship between consumption expenditure and extreme hydrometeorological events in Costa Rica between January 2019 and May 2022. The effect on total consumption and category-specific consumption is estimated using cantonal-scale data with a two-way fixed-effect (TWFE) model. This approach exploits two exogenous sources of variation: the likelihood of experiencing an extreme event in the cantons and the timing of its occurrence. The results indicate that extreme rainy events harm consumption, particularly in categories related to mobility. This is reflected in reduced spending on fuel, hotels, clothing, and supermarkets. Meanwhile, extreme dry events appear to induce a reallocation of spending across consumption categories. During the rainy season, these events are associated with increased spending on fuel and hotels but decreased spending on health services and supermarkets. The effects of both types of extreme events are transitory in most categories. ***Resumen: La mayor variabilidad climática y el aumento en la frecuencia y severidad de eventos meteorológicos extremos representan grandes desafíos económicos y sociales. Condiciones inusuales en el clima pueden alterar los patrones de consumo y tener implicaciones macroeconómicas. Este trabajo explora la relación entre el gasto en consumo y los eventos hidrometeorológicos extremos en Costa Rica entre enero de 2019 y mayo de 2022. Se estima el efecto en el consumo total y por categorías al usar datos a escala cantonal mediante un modelo de efectos fijos en dos vías (TWFE). Este enfoque explota dos fuentes exógenas de variación: la probabilidad de experimentar un evento extremo en los cantones y el momento en que ocurre. Los resultados indican que los eventos extremos lluviosos tienen un efecto negativo en el consumo total, particularmente en categorías que se relacionan con movilidad. Por ejemplo, se estima un menor consumo de combustibles, hoteles, vestimenta y supermercados. Mientras que los eventos extremos secos parecen inducir un intercambio en el gasto entre categorías de consumo. En la época lluviosa, estos se asocian con aumentos en el gasto en combustibles y servicios de hoteles, pero con reducciones en el consumo de servicios de salud y supermercados. Los efectos de ambos tipos de eventos extremos son transitorios en la mayoría de las categorías.

Suggested Citation

  • Catalina Sandoval-Alvarado & Mónica Rodríguez-Zúñiga, 2025. "Consumer Spending During Extreme Hydrometeorological Events in Costa Rica," Documentos de Trabajo 2506, Banco Central de Costa Rica.
  • Handle: RePEc:apk:doctra:2506
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    JEL classification:

    • E21 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Consumption, Saving, Production, Employment, and Investment - - - Consumption; Saving; Wealth
    • C23 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Single Equation Models; Single Variables - - - Models with Panel Data; Spatio-temporal Models
    • D12 - Microeconomics - - Household Behavior - - - Consumer Economics: Empirical Analysis
    • Q54 - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics - - Environmental Economics - - - Climate; Natural Disasters and their Management; Global Warming

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