Research classified by Journal of Economic Literature (JEL) codes
Top JEL
/ E: Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics
/ / E2: Consumption, Saving, Production, Employment, and Investment
/ / / E21: Consumption; Saving; Wealth
2024
- Juergen Jung & Chung Tran, 2024, "Health Heterogeneity, Portfolio Choice and Wealth Inequality," ANU Working Papers in Economics and Econometrics, Australian National University, College of Business and Economics, School of Economics, number 2024-702, Nov.
- Hoang Khieu & Roberto Leon-Gonzalez, 2024, "The Wealth Distribution in a Precautionary Savings Model with Capital Income Risk," Annals of Economics and Statistics, GENES, issue 155, pages 45-90, DOI: 10.2307/48795037.
- Adriana Beatriz Caballero Caballero, 2024, "Inclusión Financiera En Bolivia – Un Estudio De Caso Para Los Productores Quinueros Del Altiplano Sur," Development Research Working Paper Series, Institute for Advanced Development Studies, number 15/2024, Sep.
- Antoine Ferey & Benjamin B. Lockwood & Dmitry Taubinsky, 2024, "Sufficient Statistics for Nonlinear Tax Systems with General Across-Income Heterogeneity," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, volume 114, issue 10, pages 3206-3249, October, DOI: 10.1257/aer.20221053.
- Marco Bassetto & Zhen Huo & José-Víctor Ríos-Rull, 2024, "Institution Building without Commitment," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, volume 114, issue 11, pages 3427-3468, November, DOI: 10.1257/aer.20201365.
- Jonas Kolsrud & Camille Landais & Daniel Reck & Johannes Spinnewijn, 2024, "Retirement Consumption and Pension Design," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, volume 114, issue 1, pages 89-133, January, DOI: 10.1257/aer.20221426.
- Richard Blundell & Margherita Borella & Jeanne Commault & Mariacristina De Nardi, 2024, "Old Age Risks, Consumption, and Insurance," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, volume 114, issue 2, pages 575-613, February, DOI: 10.1257/aer.20220555.
- Olivier Coibion & Dimitris Georgarakos & Yuriy Gorodnichenko & Geoff Kenny & Michael Weber, 2024, "The Effect of Macroeconomic Uncertainty on Household Spending," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, volume 114, issue 3, pages 645-677, March, DOI: 10.1257/aer.20221167.
- Peter Ganong & Fiona Greig & Pascal Noel & Daniel M. Sullivan & Joseph Vavra, 2024, "Spending and Job-Finding Impacts of Expanded Unemployment Benefits: Evidence from Administrative Micro Data," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, volume 114, issue 9, pages 2898-2939, September, DOI: 10.1257/aer.20220973.
- Ulrike Malmendier & Leslie Sheng Shen, 2024, "Scarred Consumption," American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics, American Economic Association, volume 16, issue 1, pages 322-355, January, DOI: 10.1257/mac.20210387.
- Alan J. Auerbach & Yuriy Gorodnichenko & Daniel Murphy, 2024, "Macroeconomic Frameworks: Reconciling Evidence and Model Predictions from Demand Shocks," American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics, American Economic Association, volume 16, issue 3, pages 190-229, July, DOI: 10.1257/mac.20210033.
- Luis Felipe Céspedes & Roberto Chang, 2024, "Optimal Foreign Reserves and Central Bank Policy under Financial Stress," American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics, American Economic Association, volume 16, issue 3, pages 230-267, July, DOI: 10.1257/mac.20210117.
- Miguel Ampudia & Russell Cooper & Julia Le Blanc & Guozhong Zhu, 2024, "MPC Heterogeneity and the Dynamic Response of Consumption to Monetary Policy," American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics, American Economic Association, volume 16, issue 3, pages 343-388, July, DOI: 10.1257/mac.20210277.
- Robert S. Pindyck, 2024, "Population, Productivity, and Sustainable Consumption," American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics, American Economic Association, volume 16, issue 4, pages 218-238, October, DOI: 10.1257/mac.20220278.
- Davide Debortoli & Jordi Galí, 2024, "Idiosyncratic Income Risk and Aggregate Fluctuations," American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics, American Economic Association, volume 16, issue 4, pages 279-310, October, DOI: 10.1257/mac.20220382.
- Asger Lau Andersen & Niels Johannesen & Adam Sheridan, 2024, "Dynamic Spending Responses to Wealth Shocks: Evidence from Quasi Lotteries on the Stock Market," American Economic Review: Insights, American Economic Association, volume 6, issue 3, pages 434-452, September, DOI: 10.1257/aeri.20230382.
- Mira Pablo & Bertholet Nicolás, 2024, "Suavización Del Consumo En Argentina," Asociación Argentina de Economía Política: Working Papers, Asociación Argentina de Economía Política, number 4746, Nov.
- Mariam Tchanturia & Jared Laxton & Douglas Laxton & Shalva Mkhatrishvili, 2024, "Covid-19 and the Return of the 3-Star Consumption Functions in the US," NBG Working Papers, National Bank of Georgia, number 03/2024, Jun.
- Emilie Bonhoure & Ransome Epie Bawack, 2024, "Review of the Coverage of Financial Inclusion Research Since the Implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals: What Has Changed?," Review of Development Finance Journal, Chartered Institute of Development Finance, volume 14, issue 2, pages 21-54.
- Horioka, Charles Yuji & Gahramanov, Emin & Tang, Xueli, 2024, "On the Impact of Long-term Care Insurance on the Behavior of Parents and Children: Theory and Evidence on Japan," AGI Working Paper Series, Asian Growth Research Institute, number 2024-16, Jun.
- Horioka, Charles Yuji, 2024, "The Impact of Intergenerational Transfers on the Distribution of Wealth: An International Comparison," AGI Working Paper Series, Asian Growth Research Institute, number 2024-21, Sep.
- Najwa AKERMI & Nadia Ben YEDDER & Sayef BAKARI, 2024, "Impact of final consumption, domestic investment, exports, and imports on economic growth in Albania," Theoretical and Applied Economics, Asociatia Generala a Economistilor din Romania / Editura Economica, volume 0, issue 1(638), S, pages 231-252, Spring.
- Brunetti, Roberto & Gaigné, Carl & Moizeau, Fabien, 2024, "Land, Wealth, and Taxation," Working Papers, Institut National de la recherche Agronomique (INRA), Departement Sciences Sociales, Agriculture et Alimentation, Espace et Environnement (SAE2), number 348477, Dec, DOI: 10.22004/ag.econ.348477.
- Lise Clain-Chamosset-Yvrard & Xavier Raurich & Thomas Seegmuller, 2024, "Rational bubbles on assets with a fundamental value," AMSE Working Papers, Aix-Marseille School of Economics, France, number 2408, Mar.
- Nicolas Abad & Johanna Etner & Natacha Raffin & Thomas Seegmuller, 2024, "New fertility patterns: The role of human versus physical capital," AMSE Working Papers, Aix-Marseille School of Economics, France, number 2416, May.
- Anastasiia Antonova & Mykhailo Matvieiev & Céline Poilly, 2024, "Supply Shocks in the Fog: The Role of Endogenous Uncertainty," AMSE Working Papers, Aix-Marseille School of Economics, France, number 2427, Oct.
- Rachmawati Meita Oktaviani & Abdul Rohman & Zulaikha Zulaikha, 2024, "CEO characteristics and Tax Aggressiveness in Indonesian Family Firms: The Upper Echelons Theory Perspective," Journal of Tax Reform, Graduate School of Economics and Management, Ural Federal University, volume 10, issue 1, pages 149-161, DOI: https://doi.org/10.15826/jtr.2024.1.
- Tobias Herbst & Moritz Kuhn & Farzad Saidi, 2024, "Army of Mortgagors: Long-Run Evidence on Credit Externalities and the Housing Market," ECONtribute Discussion Papers Series, University of Bonn and University of Cologne, Germany, number 293, Apr.
- Leanne Nam, 2024, "Intergenerational Spillovers: The Impact of Labor Market Risk on the Housing Market," ECONtribute Discussion Papers Series, University of Bonn and University of Cologne, Germany, number 344, Nov.
- Lennard Schlattmann, 2024, "Spatial Redistribution of Carbon Taxes," ECONtribute Discussion Papers Series, University of Bonn and University of Cologne, Germany, number 345, Nov.
- Héctor Romero-Ramírez, 2024, "Los efectos de la presión de la cadena de suministro global sobre el sentimiento, las expectativas y la incertidumbre: un enfoque VAR," The Anahuac Journal, Business and Economics School. Anahuac University (Mexico)., volume 24, issue 2, pages 1-25, December, DOI: https://doi.org/10.36105/theanahuac.
- Gabriel Mathy, 2024, "Anti-Scroogenomics: A Keynesian Celebration of Christmas," Working Papers, American University, Department of Economics, number 2024-01.
- Moawad, Jad, 2024, "Examining the Dynamics of Saving Inequality between 1995 and 2018: Evidence from 10 Western Countries," INET Oxford Working Papers, Institute for New Economic Thinking at the Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford, number 2024-08, Oct.
- Fatih Elcin, 2024, "Global Consumption Disparities: Unveiling a Persistent Divide," World Journal of Applied Economics, WERI-World Economic Research Institute, volume 10, issue 1, pages 1-16, June, DOI: 10.22440/wjae.10.1.1.
- Самат Молдир // Samat Moldir, 2024, "Эмпирическая оценка гетерогенности потребительского спроса к доходам населения по регионам Казахстана // An Empirical Assessment of Consumer Demand Heterogeneity to Household Income by Regions of Kazakhstan," Working Papers, National Bank of Kazakhstan, number #2024-4.
- Edmund Crawley & Alexandros Theloudis, 2024, "Income Shocks and their Transmission into Consumption," Papers, arXiv.org, number 2404.12214, Apr.
- Matthew J. Baker & Joyce P. Jacobsen, 2024, "Cultural Transmission, Property Rights, and Treatment of the Elderly," Papers, arXiv.org, number 2407.09638, Jul, revised Feb 2025.
- Carlos Esteban Posada Posada, 2024, "The cost of uncertainty," Papers, arXiv.org, number 2409.16550, Sep.
- Feghhi Kashani, Mohammad & ziyaee, zahra, 2024, "Supply Side Implications of Ambiguity Aversion for Risk Premium and Risk-Free Rate Puzzles (in Persian)," The Journal of Planning and Budgeting (٠صلنامه برنامه ریزی و بودجه), Institute for Management and Planning studies, volume 29, issue 1, pages 51-78, May.
- Daniel Lewis & Davide Melcangi & Laura Pilossoph, 2024, "Latent heterogeneity in the marginal propensity to consume," CeMMAP working papers, Institute for Fiscal Studies, number 13/24, May, DOI: 10.47004/wp.cem.2024.1324.
- Mamoon Kader & Hashmat Khan, 2024, "Collateral Shocks: A Dominant Source of U.S. Business Cycles?," Working Papers, Chair in macroeconomics and forecasting, University of Quebec in Montreal's School of Management, number 24-07, Jul, revised Jul 2024.
- Guilio Fella & Martin B. Holm & Thomas M. Pugh, 2024, "Saving after retirement and preferences for residual Wealth," Working Papers, Centre for Household Finance and Macroeconomic Research (HOFIMAR), BI Norwegian Business School, number 01/2024.
- Jeffrey Mollins & Rachit Lumb, 2024, "Seasonal Adjustment of Weekly Data," Discussion Papers, Bank of Canada, number 2024-17, Nov, DOI: 10.34989/sdp-2024-17.
- Michael Boutros & Andrej Mijakovic, 2024, "The Macroeconomic Implications of Coholding," Staff Working Papers, Bank of Canada, number 24-16, May, DOI: 10.34989/swp-2024-16.
- Sofia Priazhkina & Samuel Palmer & Pablo Martín-Ramiro & Román Orús & Samuel Mugel & Vladimir Skavysh, 2024, "Digital Payments in Firm Networks: Theory of Adoption and Quantum Algorithm," Staff Working Papers, Bank of Canada, number 24-17, May, DOI: 10.34989/swp-2024-17.
- Giulio Fella & Martin B. Holm & Thomas Michael Pugh, 2024, "Saving after Retirement and Preferences for Residual Wealth," Staff Working Papers, Bank of Canada, number 24-21, Jun, DOI: 10.34989/swp-2024-21.
- Jason Allen & Michael Boutros & Benedict Guttman-Kenney, 2024, "Credit Card Minimum Payment Restrictions," Staff Working Papers, Bank of Canada, number 24-26, Jul, DOI: 10.34989/swp-2024-26.
- Jason Allen & Kyra Carmichael & Robert Clark & Shaoteng Li & Nicolas Vincent, 2024, "Housing Affordability and Parental Income Support," Staff Working Papers, Bank of Canada, number 24-28, Jul, DOI: 10.34989/swp-2024-28.
- Alberto Cavallo & Oleksiy Kryvtsov, 2024, "Price Discounts and Cheapflation During the Post-Pandemic Inflation Surge," Staff Working Papers, Bank of Canada, number 24-31, Aug, DOI: 10.34989/swp-2024-31.
- Thibaut Duprey & Soojin Jo & Geneviève Vallée, 2024, "Let’s Get Physical: Impacts of Climate Change Physical Risks on Provincial Employment," Staff Working Papers, Bank of Canada, number 24-32, Sep, DOI: 10.34989/swp-2024-32.
- Olena Kostyshyna & Maude Ouellet, 2024, "Household Food Inflation in Canada," Staff Working Papers, Bank of Canada, number 24-33, Sep, DOI: 10.34989/swp-2024-33.
- Zachary Bethune & Joaquín Saldain & Eric R. Young, 2024, "Consumer Credit Regulation and Lender Market Power," Staff Working Papers, Bank of Canada, number 24-36, Oct, DOI: 10.34989/swp-2024-36.
- Felipe Alves & Giovanni L. Violante, 2024, "From Micro to Macro Hysteresis: Long-Run Effects of Monetary Policy," Staff Working Papers, Bank of Canada, number 24-39, Oct, DOI: 10.34989/swp-2024-39.
- Panagiotis Bouras & Joaquín Saldain & Xing Guo & Thomas Michael Pugh & Maria teNyenhuis, 2024, "Impacts of interest rate hikes on the consumption of households with a mortgage," Staff Analytical Notes, Bank of Canada, number 2024-14, Jun, DOI: 10.34989/san-2024-14.
- Felipe Alves & Sushant Acharya, 2024, "How changes in the share of constrained households affect the effectiveness of monetary policy," Staff Analytical Notes, Bank of Canada, number 2024-3, Feb, DOI: 10.34989/san-2024-3.
- Carmen Martínez Carrascal, 2024, "La reacción de los hogares ante el repunte de los precios en España y en la UEM," Boletín Económico, Banco de España, issue 2024/T1, DOI: https://doi.org/10.53479/36144.
- Carmen Martínez Carrascal, 2024, "Spanish and euro area households’ response to rising prices," Economic Bulletin, Banco de España, issue 2024/Q1, DOI: https://doi.org/10.53479/36134.
- Olympia Bover & Laura Crespo & Sandra García-Uribe & Marina Gómez-García & Paloma Urcelay & Pilar Velilla, 2024, "Micro and macro data on household wealth, income and expenditure: comparing the Spanish Survey of Household Finances (EFF) to other statistical sources," Occasional Papers, Banco de España, number 2407, Mar, DOI: https://doi.org/10.53479/36212.
- Jesús Fernández-Villaverde & Joël Marbet & Galo Nuño & Omar Rachedi, 2024, "Inequality and the zero lower bound," Working Papers, Banco de España, number 2407, Feb, DOI: https://doi.org/10.53479/36133.
- Clodomiro Ferreira & Julio Gálvez & Myroslav Pidkuyko, 2024, "Housing tenure, consumption and household debt: life-cycle dynamics during a housing bust in Spain," Working Papers, Banco de España, number 2424, Jul, DOI: https://doi.org/10.53479/37293.
- Francesco Vercelli, 2024, "Financial wealth in Italy: evidence from Banking Supervisory Reports," Questioni di Economia e Finanza (Occasional Papers), Bank of Italy, Economic Research and International Relations Area, number 865, Jul.
- Nicolò Gnocato, 2024, "Endogenous job destruction risk and aggregate demand shortages," Temi di discussione (Economic working papers), Bank of Italy, Economic Research and International Relations Area, number 1444, Mar.
- Nicolò Gnocato, 2024, "Energy price shocks, unemployment, and monetary policy," Temi di discussione (Economic working papers), Bank of Italy, Economic Research and International Relations Area, number 1450, Mar.
- Emilia Bonaccorsi di Patti & Roberto Felici & Davide Moretti & Francesca Rinaldi, 2024, "The allocation of public guaranteed loans to firms during Covid-19: credit risk and relationship lending," Temi di discussione (Economic working papers), Bank of Italy, Economic Research and International Relations Area, number 1462, Oct.
- Jonathan Benchimol & Luigi Palumbo, 2024, "Sanctions and Russian online prices," Temi di discussione (Economic working papers), Bank of Italy, Economic Research and International Relations Area, number 1468, Oct.
- Luis E. Arango & Luz A. Flórez & N. Johana Marín & Carlos E. Posada, 2024, "Consumption of households in Colombia: What do the retail trade indices tell us?," Borradores de Economia, Banco de la Republica de Colombia, number 1275, Aug, DOI: 10.32468/be.1275.
- Cristiano Cantore & Pascal Meichtry, 2024, "Unwinding Quantitative Easing: State Dependency and Household Heterogeneity," Working papers, Banque de France, number 955.
- Bertrand Garbinti & Pierre Lamarche & Frédérique Savignac, 2024, "Wealth Heterogeneity and the Marginal Propensity to Consume out of Wealth," Working papers, Banque de France, number 962.
- Jaime Alonso-Carrera & Xavier Raurich & Jordi Caballé, 2024, "The Great Gatsby Curve and the Carnegie Effect," Working Papers, Barcelona School of Economics, number 1451, Jun.
- Tatjana Dahlhaus & Angelika Welte, 2024, "Payment habits during Covid-19: Evidence from high-frequency transaction data," IFC Bulletins chapters, Bank for International Settlements, in: Bank for International Settlements, "Granular data: new horizons and challenges".
- Jesús Fernández-Villaverde & Joël Marbet & Galo Nuño Barrau & Omar Rachedi, 2024, "Inequality and the zero lower bound," BIS Working Papers, Bank for International Settlements, number 1160, Jan.
- Rogelia Danica Español & Joemar T. Miñoza & Leo Zosa, 2024, "Financial literacy and entrepreneurial behavior of Junior high school students: Basis for TLE management plan," HO CHI MINH CITY OPEN UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF SCIENCE - ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION, HO CHI MINH CITY OPEN UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF SCIENCE, HO CHI MINH CITY OPEN UNIVERSITY, volume 14, issue 4, pages 3-19, DOI: 10.46223/HCMCOUJS.econ.en.14.4.2808.
- Fenella Carpena & Laurens Swinkels & Dan Zhang, 2024, "The effects of COVID‐19 policies on consumer spending in Norway," Contemporary Economic Policy, Western Economic Association International, volume 42, issue 1, pages 56-67, January, DOI: 10.1111/coep.12627.
- Ricardo J. Caballero & Alp Simsek, 2024, "Monetary Policy and Asset Price Overshooting: A Rationale for the Wall/Main Street Disconnect," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, volume 79, issue 3, pages 1719-1753, June, DOI: 10.1111/jofi.13343.
- Gregory Ponthiere, 2024, "Fertility, heterogeneity, and the Golden Rule," Journal of Public Economic Theory, Association for Public Economic Theory, volume 26, issue 1, February, DOI: 10.1111/jpet.12679.
- Charles Yuji Horioka, 2024, "The impact of intergenerational transfers on the distribution of wealth: An international comparison," Pacific Economic Review, Wiley Blackwell, volume 29, issue 5, pages 567-585, December, DOI: 10.1111/1468-0106.12460.
- Charles Yuji Horioka & Luigi Ventura, 2024, "Do the Retired Elderly in Europe Decumulate Their Wealth? The Importance of Bequest Motives, Precautionary Saving, Public Pensions, and Homeownership," Review of Income and Wealth, International Association for Research in Income and Wealth, volume 70, issue 1, pages 187-212, March, DOI: 10.1111/roiw.12632.
- Philippe Bracke & Matthew Everitt & Martina Fazio & Alexandra Varadi, 2024, "When refinancing meets monetary tightening: heterogeneous impacts on spending and debt via mortgage modifications," Bank of England Staff Working Paper series, Bank of England, number 1105, Dec.
- Mitsuru Katagiri & Takemasa Oda & Yasutaka Ogawa & Takeshi Shinohara & Nao Sudo, 2024, "Demographic Trends and Household Savings and Investment," Bank of Japan Research Laboratory Series, Bank of Japan, number 24-E-1, Jul.
- Ellora Derenoncourt & Chi Hyun Kim & Moritz Kuhn & Moritz Schularick, 2024, "Changes in the Distribution of Black and White Wealth Since the US Civil War," CRC TR 224 Discussion Paper Series, University of Bonn and University of Mannheim, Germany, number crctr224_2024_507, Feb.
- Ellora Derenoncourt & Chi Hyun Kim & Moritz Kuhn & Moritz Schularick, 2024, "Unemployment risk, portfolio choice, and the racial wealth gap," CRC TR 224 Discussion Paper Series, University of Bonn and University of Mannheim, Germany, number crctr224_2024_508, Feb.
- Hans Gersbach & Jean-Charles Rochet & Ernst-Ludwig von Thadden, 2024, "Fiscal Policy and the Balance Sheet of the Private Sector," CRC TR 224 Discussion Paper Series, University of Bonn and University of Mannheim, Germany, number crctr224_2024_544, May.
- Anne Duquerroy & Adrien Matray & Farzad Saidi, 2024, "Tracing Banks’ Credit Allocation to Their Profits," CRC TR 224 Discussion Paper Series, University of Bonn and University of Mannheim, Germany, number crctr224_2024_551, May.
- Tobias Herbst & Moritz Kuhn & Farzad Saidi, 2024, "Army of Mortgagors: Long-Run Evidence on Credit Externalities and the Housing Market," CRC TR 224 Discussion Paper Series, University of Bonn and University of Mannheim, Germany, number crctr224_2024_586, Aug.
- Koursaros Demetris & Savva Christos & Michail Nektarios & Papadopoulou Niki, 2024, "To Create or to Redistribute? That is the Question," The B.E. Journal of Macroeconomics, De Gruyter, volume 24, issue 2, pages 929-995, DOI: 10.1515/bejm-2023-0191.
- Kishor Narayan Kundan, 2024, "Estimating Expected Asset Returns with the Present Value Model of Consumption and Fed Forecasts," The B.E. Journal of Macroeconomics, De Gruyter, volume 24, issue 2, pages 997-1007, DOI: 10.1515/bejm-2024-0084.
- Baudisch Victoria & Neuenkirch Matthias, 2024, "A Comparative Evaluation of Fiscal Stabilization Strategies during the Covid-19 Pandemic with Germany as a Reference Point," The Economists' Voice, De Gruyter, volume 21, issue 1, pages 29-63, DOI: 10.1515/ev-2024-0019.
- Goldbach Stefan & Harms Philipp & Jochem Axel & Nitsch Volker & Weichenrieder Alfons J., 2024, "Retained Earnings, Foreign Portfolio Ownership, and the German Current Account: A Firm-Level Approach," German Economic Review, De Gruyter, volume 25, issue 2, pages 127-145, DOI: 10.1515/ger-2023-0065.
- Krapf Matthias, 2024, "Die Ungleichheit der zu versteuernden Vermögen in der Schweiz während der Covid-19-Pandemie," Perspektiven der Wirtschaftspolitik, De Gruyter, volume 25, issue 3-4, pages 286-298, DOI: 10.1515/pwp-2024-0004.
- Galina SAVELIEVA & Svetlana ZAHAROV, 2024, "Impact Of Population Structure On Gdp In The Republic Of Moldova," Contemporary Economy Journal, Constantin Brancoveanu University, volume 9, issue 4, pages 116-130.
- Bilbiie, F. O., 2024, "Monetary Policy and Heterogeneity: An Analytical Framework," Cambridge Working Papers in Economics, Faculty of Economics, University of Cambridge, number 2432, Jun.
- Bilbiie, F. O. & Monacelli, T. & Perotti, R., 2024, "Stabilization vs. Redistribution: The Optimal Monetary-Fiscal Mix," Cambridge Working Papers in Economics, Faculty of Economics, University of Cambridge, number 2436, Jun.
- Congressional Budget Office, 2024, "An Update About How Inflation Has Affected Households at Different Income Levels Since 2019," Reports, Congressional Budget Office, number 60166, May.
- Ralitsa Simeonova-Ganeva & Kaloyan Ganev & Martin Ivanov, 2024, "Real Prices, Real Incomes, and Purchasing Power during Communism, Transition and EU Integration: Evidence from Bulgaria," Proceedings of the Centre for Economic History Research, Centre for Economic History Research, volume 9, pages 26-45, November.
- Johannes Boehm & Etienne Fize & Xavier Jaravel, 2024, "Five facts about MPCs: Evidence from a randomized experiment," CEP Discussion Papers, Centre for Economic Performance, LSE, number dp1998, May.
- Marta Cota & Ante Sterc, 2024, "Financial Skills and Search in the Mortgage Market," CERGE-EI Working Papers, The Center for Economic Research and Graduate Education - Economics Institute, Prague, number wp780, May.
- David R. Agrawal & Dirk Foremny & Clara Martínez-Toledano, 2024, "Wealth Tax Mobility and Tax Coordination," CESifo Working Paper Series, CESifo, number 11048.
- Nicolas Caramp & Dejanir H. Silva, 2024, "Monetary Policy and Wealth Effects: The Role of Risk and Heterogeneity," CESifo Working Paper Series, CESifo, number 11049.
- James B. Davies & Rodrigo Lluberas & Daniel Waldenström & James Davies, 2024, "Long-Term Trends in the Distribution of Wealth and Inheritance," CESifo Working Paper Series, CESifo, number 11183.
- Winfried Koeniger & Peter Kress & Jonas Lehmann, 2024, "Consumption Expenditures in Austria & Germany: New Evidence Based on Transactional Data," CESifo Working Paper Series, CESifo, number 11408.
- Winfried Koeniger & Peter Kress, 2024, "The Effect of Unconventional Fiscal Policy on Consumption – New Evidence Based on Transactional Data," CESifo Working Paper Series, CESifo, number 11440.
- Moritz Drechsel-Grau & Fabian Greimel, 2024, "Falling Behind: Has Rising Inequality Fueled the American Debt Boom?," CESifo Working Paper Series, CESifo, number 11565.
- Enzo Cerletti & Magdalena Cortina & Alejandra Inzunza & Felipe Martínez & Patricio Toro, 2024, "The finances of Chilean households during the pandemic: an assessment from the 2021 Household Financial Survey," Working Papers Central Bank of Chile, Central Bank of Chile, number 1008, Mar.
- Benjamín García & Mario Giarda & Carlos Lizama & Ignacio Rojas, 2024, "Transmission Mechanisms in HANK: an Application to Chile," Working Papers Central Bank of Chile, Central Bank of Chile, number 1013, May.
- Winfried Koeniger & Peter Kress & Jonas Lehmann, 2024, "Consumption Expenditures in Austria & Germany: New Evidence Based on Transactional Data," Swiss Finance Institute Research Paper Series, Swiss Finance Institute, number 24-105, Oct.
- Winfried Koeniger & Peter Kress, 2024, "The Effect of Unconventional Fiscal Policy on Consumption -New Evidence based on Transactional Data," Swiss Finance Institute Research Paper Series, Swiss Finance Institute, number 24-58, Oct.
- Victor Degorce & Éric Monnet, 2024, "The Great Depression as a Savings Glut," Working Papers, CEPII research center, number 2024-14, Nov.
- Kozo UEDA, 2024, "The Reality of Consumption: Comparing Self-Reported and Observed Marginal Propensity to Consume," CIGS Working Paper Series, The Canon Institute for Global Studies, number 24-020E, Sep.
- Carlos Esteban Posada, 2024, "The Cost of Uncertainty," Documentos de Trabajo de Valor Público, Universidad EAFIT, number 4, Sep.
- Claudia Milena Pico Bonilla & Luis Eduardo Sandoval Garrido, 2024, "Intertemporal consumption and lifecycle in a pandemic context: an experimental approximation," Revista Tendencias, Universidad de Narino, volume 25, issue 2, pages 57-85.
- Melcangi, Davide & Sterk, Vincent, 2024, "Stock Market Participation, Inequality, and Monetary Policy," CEPR Discussion Papers, Centre for Economic Policy Research, number 18853, Feb.
- Colarieti, Roberto & Mei, Pierfrancesco & Stantcheva, Stefanie, 2024, "The How and Why of Household Reactions to Income Shocks," CEPR Discussion Papers, Centre for Economic Policy Research, number 18865, Feb.
- Kuhn, Moritz & Schlattmann, Lennard, 2024, "Distributional Consequences of Climate Policies," CEPR Discussion Papers, Centre for Economic Policy Research, number 18893, Mar.
- Bartscher, Alina & Kuhn, Moritz & Schularick, Moritz & Steins, Ulrike, 2024, "The Distribution of Household Debt in the United States, 1950-2019," CEPR Discussion Papers, Centre for Economic Policy Research, number 18929, Mar.
- Derenoncourt, Ellora & Kim, Chi Hyun & Kuhn, Moritz & Schularick, Moritz, 2024, "Unemployment risk, portfolio choice, and the racial wealth gap," CEPR Discussion Papers, Centre for Economic Policy Research, number 18930, Mar.
- Herbst, Tobias & Kuhn, Moritz & Saidi, Farzad, 2024, "Army of Mortgagors: Long-Run Evidence on Credit Externalities and the Housing Market," CEPR Discussion Papers, Centre for Economic Policy Research, number 18942, Mar.
- Leenders, Frank & Wallenius, Johanna, 2024, "Social Security and Life-Cycle Variation in the Cost of Job Loss," CEPR Discussion Papers, Centre for Economic Policy Research, number 18983, Apr.
- Adelino, Manuel & Ferreira, Miguel & Oliveira, Miguel, 2024, "The Heterogeneous Effects of Household Debt Relief," CEPR Discussion Papers, Centre for Economic Policy Research, number 19036, Apr.
- Acharya, Sushant & Challe, Edouard, 2024, "Inequality and Optimal Monetary Policy in the Open Economy," CEPR Discussion Papers, Centre for Economic Policy Research, number 19075, May.
- Daminato, Claudio & Pistaferri, Luigi, 2024, "Returns Heterogeneity and Consumption Inequality Over the Life Cycle," CEPR Discussion Papers, Centre for Economic Policy Research, number 19093, May.
- van Rooij, Maarten & Coibion, Olivier & Georgarakos, Dimitris & Candia, Bernardo & Gorodnichenko, Yuriy, 2024, "Keeping Up With The Jansens: Causal Peer Effects On Household Spending, Beliefs And Happiness," CEPR Discussion Papers, Centre for Economic Policy Research, number 19133, Jun.
- Abramson, Boaz & Van Nieuwerburgh, Stijn, 2024, "Rent Guarantee Insurance," CEPR Discussion Papers, Centre for Economic Policy Research, number 19216, Jul.
- Fella, Giulio & Holm, Martin Blomhoff & Pugh, Thomas M., 2024, "Saving after Retirement and Preferences for Residual Wealth," CEPR Discussion Papers, Centre for Economic Policy Research, number 19233, Jul.
- Brendler, Pavel & Kuhn, Moritz & Steins, Ulrike, 2024, "To Have or Not to Have: Understanding Wealth Inequality," CEPR Discussion Papers, Centre for Economic Policy Research, number 19412, Aug.
- Garbinti, Bertrand & Lamarche, Pierre & Savignac, Frederique, 2024, "Wealth Heterogeneity and the Marginal Propensity to Consume out of Wealth," CEPR Discussion Papers, Centre for Economic Policy Research, number 19413, Aug.
- Boppart, Timo & Krusell, Per & Olsson, Jonna, 2024, "Who should work how much?," CEPR Discussion Papers, Centre for Economic Policy Research, number 19437, Sep.
- Krueger, Dirk & Uhlig, Harald & Li, Fulin, 2024, "Neoclassical Growth Transition Dynamics with One-Sided Commitment," CEPR Discussion Papers, Centre for Economic Policy Research, number 19471, Sep.
- Casal, Lucia & Caunedo, Julieta, 2024, "On the Investment Network and Development," CEPR Discussion Papers, Centre for Economic Policy Research, number 19481, Sep.
- Bick, Alexander & Blandin, Adam & Rogerson, Richard, 2024, "Hours Worked and Lifetime Earnings Inequality," CEPR Discussion Papers, Centre for Economic Policy Research, number 19494, Sep.
- Ludwig, Alexander & Mankart, Jochen & Quintana, Jorge & Wiederholt, Mirko, 2024, "Heterogeneity in Expectations and House Price Dynamics," CEPR Discussion Papers, Centre for Economic Policy Research, number 19498, Sep.
- Auclert, Adrien & Rognlie, Matthew & Straub, Ludwig, 2024, "Fiscal and Monetary Policy with Heterogeneous Agents," CEPR Discussion Papers, Centre for Economic Policy Research, number 19501, Sep.
- Ferriere, Axelle & Navarro, Gaston, 2024, "Fiscal Management of Aggregate Demand: The Effectiveness of Labor Tax Credits," CEPR Discussion Papers, Centre for Economic Policy Research, number 19538, Sep.
- Dietrich, Diemo & Gehrig, Thomas, 2024, "Scope and Limits of Bank Liquidity Provision," CEPR Discussion Papers, Centre for Economic Policy Research, number 19602, Oct.
- Crossley, Thomas & Levell, Peter & Sierra Vásquez, SofÃa, 2024, "What would you do with £500? (...in your own words)," CEPR Discussion Papers, Centre for Economic Policy Research, number 19628, Oct.
- Foltyn, Richard & Olsson, Jonna, 2024, "Health Dynamics, Life Expectancy Heterogeneity, and the Racial Gap in Social Security Wealth," CEPR Discussion Papers, Centre for Economic Policy Research, number 19654, Nov.
- Svensson, Lars E.O., 2024, "Is Swedish Household Debt Too High? Solvency, Liquidity, and Debt-Financed Overconsumption," CEPR Discussion Papers, Centre for Economic Policy Research, number 19717, Nov.
- Bairoliya, Neha & Gallipoli, Giovanni & McKiernan, Kathleen, 2024, "End-of-life liquidity," CEPR Discussion Papers, Centre for Economic Policy Research, number 19739, Dec.
- Qixin Zhan & Heng-fu Zou, 2024, "Liberty Capital Accumulation and Economic Growth," Annals of Economics and Finance, Society for AEF, volume 25, issue 1, pages 63-116, May.
- Serhan Cevik, 2024, "Dining and Wining During the Pandemic? A Quasi-Experiment on Tax Cuts and Consumer Spending in Lithuania," Annals of Economics and Finance, Society for AEF, volume 25, issue 2, pages 575-590, November.
- Qixin Zhan & Heng-fu Zou, 2024, "Liberty Capital Accumulation and Economic Growth," CEMA Working Papers, China Economics and Management Academy, Central University of Finance and Economics, number 619, Feb.
- Yulei Luo, 2024, "Consumption Dynamics under Information Processing Constraints," CEMA Working Papers, China Economics and Management Academy, Central University of Finance and Economics, number 622, Feb.
- Degorce, Victor & Monnet, Eric, 2024, "The Great Depression as a Savings Glut," The Journal of Economic History, Cambridge University Press, volume 84, issue 3, pages 874-916, September.
- Grevenbrock, Nils & Ludwig, Alexander & Siassi, Nawid, 2024, "Homeownership rates, housing policies, and co-residence decisions," Macroeconomic Dynamics, Cambridge University Press, volume 28, issue 5, pages 1073-1096, July.
- Goldbach, Stefan & Harms, Philipp & Jochem, Axel & Nitsch, Volker & Weichenrieder, Alfons J., 2024, "Retained earnings, foreign portfolio ownership, and the German current account: A firm-level approach," Publications of Darmstadt Technical University, Institute for Business Studies (BWL), Darmstadt Technical University, Department of Business Administration, Economics and Law, Institute for Business Studies (BWL), number 145780, Jun.
- Oliver Pfäuti & Fabian Seyrich & Jonathan Zinman, 2024, "Bad Luck or Bad Decisions? Macroeconomic Implications of Persistent Heterogeneity in Cognitive Skills and Overconfidence," Discussion Papers of DIW Berlin, DIW Berlin, German Institute for Economic Research, number 2080.
- Thilo N. H. Albers & Charlotte Bartels & Moritz Schularick, 2024, "Wealth and Its Distribution in Germany, 1895-2021," Discussion Papers of DIW Berlin, DIW Berlin, German Institute for Economic Research, number 2105.
- Maarten van Rooij & Olivier Coibion & Dimitris Georgarakos & Bernardo Candia & Yuriy Gorodnichenko, 2024, "Keeping up with the Jansens: causal peer effect on household spending, beliefs and happiness," Working Papers, DNB, number 804, Feb.
- Mika Akesaka & Ryo Mikami & Yoshiyasu Ono, 2024, "Insatiable Wealth Preference: Evidence from Japanese Household Survey," ISER Discussion Paper, Institute of Social and Economic Research, The University of Osaka, number 1241rr, Apr, revised Oct 2024.
- Charles Yuji Horioka & Emin Gahramanov & Xueli Tang, 2024, "The Nexus between Long-term Care Insurance, Formal Care, Informal Care, and Bequests: The Case of Japan," ISER Discussion Paper, Institute of Social and Economic Research, The University of Osaka, number 1250, Jul.
- Charles Yuji Horioka & Emin Gahramanov & Xueli Tang, 2024, "On the Impact of Long-term Care Insurance on the Behavior of Parents and Children: Theory and Evidence on Japan," ISER Discussion Paper, Institute of Social and Economic Research, The University of Osaka, number 1250r, Jul, revised May 2025.
- Charles Yuji Horioka & Luigi Ventura, 2024, "Why Do Europeans Save? Micro-Evidence from the Household Finance and Consumption Survey," ISER Discussion Paper, Institute of Social and Economic Research, The University of Osaka, number 1251, Aug.
- Charles Yuji Horioka & Luigi Ventura, 2024, "Why Do Europeans Save? Micro-Evidence from the Household Finance and Consumption Survey," ISER Discussion Paper, Institute of Social and Economic Research, The University of Osaka, number 1251r, Aug, revised May 2025.
- Charles Yuji Horioka, 2024, "The Impact of Intergenerational Transfers on the Distribution of Wealth: An International Comparison," ISER Discussion Paper, Institute of Social and Economic Research, The University of Osaka, number 1256, Sep.
- Charles Yuji Horioka, 2024, "Household Saving in Japan: The Past, Present, and Future," ISER Discussion Paper, Institute of Social and Economic Research, The University of Osaka, number 1264, Nov.
- Charles Yuji Horioka, 2024, "Household Saving in Japan: The Past, Present, and Future," ISER Discussion Paper, Institute of Social and Economic Research, The University of Osaka, number 1264r, Nov, revised Jan 2026.
- FERNÁNDEZ-LÓPEZ, Sara & ÁLVAREZ-ESPIÑO, Marcos & REY-ARES, Lucía, 2024, "Financial Vulnerability Of Low-Income Households: Review Of Scopus And Wos Journals And Future Research Agenda," Applied Econometrics and International Development, Euro-American Association of Economic Development, volume 24, issue 1, pages 153-180.
- Bobasu, Alina & Charalambakis, Evangelos & Kouvavas, Omiros, 2024, "How have households adjusted their spending and saving behaviour to cope with high inflation?," Economic Bulletin Boxes, European Central Bank, volume 2.
- Lebastard, Laura & Olivero, Laura & Pongetti, Giacomo, 2024, "Why did the import intensity of GDP decline decline in 2023?," Economic Bulletin Boxes, European Central Bank, volume 3.
- Andersson, Malin & Checherita-Westphal, Cristina & Dias Da Silva, António & Soudan, Michel, 2024, "The post-pandemic recovery – why is the euro area growing more slowly than the United States?," Economic Bulletin Boxes, European Central Bank, volume 4.
- Bobasu, Alina & Gareis, Johannes & Esposito, Dario, 2024, "Why are euro area households still gloomy and what are the implications for private consumption?," Economic Bulletin Boxes, European Central Bank, volume 6.
- Pallotti, Filippo & Paz-Pardo, Gonzalo & Slacalek, Jiri & Tristani, Oreste & Violante, Giovanni L., 2024, "The unequal impact of the 2021-22 inflation surge on euro area households," Research Bulletin, European Central Bank, volume 116.
- Mendicino, Caterina & Nord, Lukas & Peruffo, Marcel, 2024, "Banks lose – someone gains: Households’ unequal exposure to financial distress," Research Bulletin, European Central Bank, volume 124.
- Schnorpfeil, Philip & Weber, Michael & Hackethal, Andreas, 2024, "Households' response to the wealth effects of inflation," Working Paper Series, European Central Bank, number 2904, Feb.
- Higgins, Brian E., 2024, "Mortgage borrowing limits and house prices: evidence from a policy change in Ireland," Working Paper Series, European Central Bank, number 2909, Feb.
- Marini, Andrea, 2024, "Updating the retirement-consumption puzzle in Italy: who are the most affected?," Working Paper Series, European Central Bank, number 2936, May.
- Audoly, Richard & Paz-Pardo, Gonzalo & McGee, Rory & Ocampo, Sergio, 2024, "The life-cycle dynamics of wealth mobility," Working Paper Series, European Central Bank, number 2976, Aug.
- Paz-Pardo, Gonzalo & Castellanos, Juan & Hannon, Andrew, 2024, "The aggregate and distributional implications of credit shocks on housing and rental markets," Working Paper Series, European Central Bank, number 2977, Aug.
- Gipper, Brandon & Gu, Laura Lingyu & Kim, Jinhwan & Noh, Suzie, 2024, "Earnings News and Local Household Spending," Research Papers, Stanford University, Graduate School of Business, number 4163, Feb.
- Bahman Huseynli, 2024, "Gamification in Energy Consumption: A Model for Consumers’ Energy Saving," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, volume 14, issue 1, pages 312-320, January.
- Yousif Osman, 2024, "Implications of Energy Consumption by Sector on Carbon Emissions in Saudi Arabia," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, volume 14, issue 2, pages 311-318, March.
- Udit Chawla & Rajesh Mohnot & Akinola Fadahunsi & Devika Mulchandani, 2024, "The Bright Revolution: Accelerating Adoption of Solar Energy in India’s Dynamic Landscape," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, volume 14, issue 4, pages 226-233, July.
- Tri Wahyu Adi & Edy Susanto & Ade Caswito & R. Sapto Yuwono & Tarwaji Warsokusumo & A. Y. Agung Nugroho, 2024, "Influence of Fossil Fuel Prices on Fossil and Renewable Electricity Consumptions, GDP, Inflation and Greenflation: A Case Study in the Asia Pacific Countries," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, volume 14, issue 4, pages 48-56, July.
- Yahya Fikri & Mohamed Rhalma, 2024, "Effect of CO2 emissions, Renewable Energy Consumption and General Government Final Consumption Spending on Moroccan Economic Growth: ARDL Approach," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, volume 14, issue 5, pages 575-581, September.
- La Nguyen Thuy Dung & Quoc Nghi Nguyen & Le Thi Dieu Hien, 2024, "Explaining the Energy-Saving Behavioral Intention of Workers in Industrial Zones," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, volume 14, issue 6, pages 80-87, November.
- Merike Kukk & Jan Toczynski & Christopher Basten, 2024, "Beyond the Headline: How Personal Exposure to Inflation Shapes the Financial Choices of Households," Bank of Estonia Working Papers, Bank of Estonia, number wp2023-7, Feb, revised 23 Feb 2024.
- Kang, Kyu Ho & Do, Kyeongtak, 2024, "Korea’s neutral interest rate: Estimates, determinants, and monetary policy stance," Journal of Asian Economics, Elsevier, volume 92, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.asieco.2024.101732.
- Gatt, William, 2024, "Wealth inequality and the distributional effects of maximum loan-to-value ratio policy," Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, Elsevier, volume 164, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.jedc.2024.104873.
- Cairó, Isabel & Sim, Jae, 2024, "Market power, inequality, and financial instability," Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, Elsevier, volume 164, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.jedc.2024.104875.
- Krueger, Dirk & Malkov, Egor & Perri, Fabrizio, 2024, "How do households respond to income shocks?," Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, Elsevier, volume 168, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.jedc.2024.104961.
- Bairoliya, Neha & McKiernan, Kathleen, 2024, "The welfare costs of misinformation," Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, Elsevier, volume 169, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.jedc.2024.104959.
- Krueger, Dirk & Malkov, Egor & Perri, Fabrizio, 2024, "Reprint of: How do households respond to income shocks?," Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, Elsevier, volume 169, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.jedc.2024.104973.
- Sala, Hector & Trivin, Pedro, 2024, "Household finances, debt overhang and consumption patterns," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, volume 139, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.econmod.2024.106836.
- Hagiwara, Reona, 2024, "Welfare effects of health insurance reform: The role of elastic medical demand," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, volume 141, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.econmod.2024.106908.
- Mizobuchi, Kenichi & Hiroaki, Yamagami, 2024, "Impact of time-saving technology on household electricity consumption: An automatic vacuum cleaner distribution experiment in Japan," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, volume 223, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2024.108231.
- Pulina, Giuseppe, 2024, "Credit card debt puzzle: Evidence from the euro area," Economics Letters, Elsevier, volume 236, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.econlet.2024.111586.
- Cubas, German & Silos, Pedro & Soini, Vesa, 2024, "Risk and the allocation of talent in the Roy model," Economics Letters, Elsevier, volume 236, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.econlet.2024.111623.
- Lander, David, 2024, "Estimating life-cycle income processes including means-tested transfers," Economics Letters, Elsevier, volume 242, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.econlet.2024.111850.
- Choi, Sangyup & Jeong, Jaehun & Yoo, Donghoon, 2024, "How to interpret consumer confidence shocks? State-level evidence," Economics Letters, Elsevier, volume 244, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.econlet.2024.111985.
- Mellior, Gustavo & Shibayama, Katsuyuki, 2024, "Solving HACT models with bankruptcy choice," Economics Letters, Elsevier, volume 245, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.econlet.2024.112045.
- Joubert, Clement & Todd, Petra E., 2024, "Gender pension gaps in a private retirement accounts system: A dynamic model of household labor supply and savings," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, volume 243, issue 1, DOI: 10.1016/j.jeconom.2022.08.005.
- Andersen, Torben M. & Bhattacharya, Joydeep & Grodecka-Messi, Anna & Mann, Katja, 2024, "Pension reform and wealth inequality: Theory and evidence," European Economic Review, Elsevier, volume 165, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.euroecorev.2024.104746.
- Challe, Edouard & Matvieiev, Mykhailo, 2024, "On natural interest rate volatility," European Economic Review, Elsevier, volume 167, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.euroecorev.2024.104796.
- Barros, Fernando & Gomes, Fábio Augusto R. & Luduvice, André Victor D., 2024, "The welfare costs of business cycles unveiled: Measuring the extent of stabilization policies," European Economic Review, Elsevier, volume 169, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.euroecorev.2024.104822.
- Makridis, Christos A. & Wang, Tao, 2024, "Learning from Friends in a Pandemic: Social networks and the macroeconomic response of consumption," European Economic Review, Elsevier, volume 169, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.euroecorev.2024.104836.
- Bonchi, Jacopo & Nisticò, Salvatore, 2024, "Optimal monetary policy and rational asset bubbles," European Economic Review, Elsevier, volume 170, issue C, DOI: 10.1016/j.euroecorev.2024.104851.
Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/j/E21-5.html