IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/wly/natres/v49y2025i4p3298-3318.html

Analyzing the non‐linear association between natural resources, remittances, and ecological footprint: An analysis of Bangladesh's environmental decline

Author

Listed:
  • Minhaj Ali
  • Kishwar Ali

Abstract

There is a growing global concern about the challenges of sustainable development. Furthermore, these concerns are becoming increasingly prevalent in Bangladesh on a daily basis. This may be attributed to the escalating influx of remittances, the degradation of natural resources, and the potential adverse impacts of economic growth on the ecosystem. Thus, this research looks at how remittances (REM) and natural resources (NR) affect the ecological footprint (EFP) in Bangladesh by controlling economic growth (EG), renewable energy (REN), and urbanization (URB) from 1990 to 2021. The study utilizes the linear and non‐linear autoregressive distributed lag model to test the relationships between REM and NR on EFP. Positive and negative shocks to REM and NR have varied consequences on EFP, which suggests an asymmetric relationship. The findings reveal that the impact of the positive shock on NR is positive and significant. It implies that an increase in the positive shock of NR causes a rise in EFP. However, the impact of the negative shock on NR is negative but statistically insignificant. Likewise, negative shock in REM decreases the EFP by increasing ecological quality, while positive shock in REM does not significantly impact EFP. Similarly, REN and URB improve the environmental quality in Bangladesh while EG decreases. To meet sustainable development goals, policies can be designed for proficient and ecologically friendly types of energy.

Suggested Citation

  • Minhaj Ali & Kishwar Ali, 2025. "Analyzing the non‐linear association between natural resources, remittances, and ecological footprint: An analysis of Bangladesh's environmental decline," Natural Resources Forum, Blackwell Publishing, vol. 49(4), pages 3298-3318, November.
    • Handle: RePEc:wly:natres:v:49:y:2025:i:4:p:3298-3318
    DOI: 10.1111/1477-8947.12516
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://doi.org/10.1111/1477-8947.12516
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1111/1477-8947.12516?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Ahmed Atil & Kishwar Nawaz & Amine Lahiani & David Roubaud, 2020. "Are natural resources a blessing or a curse for financial development in Pakistan? The importance of oil prices, economic growth and economic globalization," Post-Print hal-03676031, HAL.
    2. Kishor Sharma & Badri Bhattarai & Salma Ahmed, 2019. "Aid, Growth, Remittances and Carbon Emissions in Nepal," The Energy Journal, , vol. 40(1), pages 129-142, January.
    3. Charfeddine, Lanouar, 2017. "The impact of energy consumption and economic development on Ecological Footprint and CO2 emissions: Evidence from a Markov Switching Equilibrium Correction Model," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 65(C), pages 355-374.
    4. Aziz, Ghazala & Sarwar, Suleman & Nawaz, Kishwar & Waheed, Rida & Khan, Mohd Saeed, 2023. "Influence of tech-industry, natural resources, renewable energy and urbanization towards environment footprints: A fresh evidence of Saudi Arabia," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 83(C).
    5. Abdulkadir Abdulrashid Rafindadi & Ilhan Ozturk, 2017. "Dynamic Effects of Financial Development, Trade Openness and Economic Growth on Energy Consumption: Evidence from South Africa," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, vol. 7(3), pages 74-85.
    6. Minhaj Ali & Shujahat Haider Hashmi & Yasir Habib & Dervis Kirikkaleli, 2024. "The asymmetric impact of public–private partnership investment in energy on CO2 emissions in Pakistan," Energy & Environment, , vol. 35(4), pages 2131-2150, June.
    7. Muhammad Qayyum & Minhaj Ali & Mir Muhammad Nizamani & Shijie Li & Yuyuan Yu & Atif Jahanger, 2021. "Nexus between Financial Development, Renewable Energy Consumption, Technological Innovations and CO 2 Emissions: The Case of India," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(15), pages 1-19, July.
    8. Sbia, Rashid & Shahbaz, Muhammad & Hamdi, Helmi, 2014. "A contribution of foreign direct investment, clean energy, trade openness, carbon emissions and economic growth to energy demand in UAE," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 36(C), pages 191-197.
    9. Ahmad, Waheed & Ozturk, Ilhan & Majeed, Muhammad Tariq, 2022. "How do remittances affect environmental sustainability in Pakistan? Evidence from NARDL approach," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 243(C).
    10. Al-Mulali, Usama & Ozturk, Ilhan, 2015. "The effect of energy consumption, urbanization, trade openness, industrial output, and the political stability on the environmental degradation in the MENA (Middle East and North African) region," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 84(C), pages 382-389.
    11. Ahmadov, Anar Kamil & van der Borg, Charlotte, 2019. "Do natural resources impede renewable energy production in the EU? A mixed-methods analysis," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 126(C), pages 361-369.
    12. Hongzhong FAN & Shujahat Haider HASHMI & Yasir HABIB & Minhaj ALI, 2020. "How Do Urbanization and Urban Agglomeration Affect CO2 Emissions in South Asia? Testing Non-Linearity Puzzle with Dynamic STIRPAT Model," Chinese Journal of Urban and Environmental Studies (CJUES), World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., vol. 8(01), pages 1-37, March.
    13. Zhou, Runyu & Abbasi, Kashif Raza & Salem, Sultan & Almulhim, Abdulaziz.I. & Alvarado, Rafael, 2022. "Do natural resources, economic growth, human capital, and urbanization affect the ecological footprint? A modified dynamic ARDL and KRLS approach," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 78(C).
    14. Muhammad Qayyum & Yuyuan Yu & Mir Muhammad Nizamani & Saqlain Raza & Minhaj Ali & Shijie Li, 2023. "Financial Instability and CO2 Emissions in India: Evidence from ARDL Bound Testing Approach," Energy & Environment, , vol. 34(4), pages 808-829, June.
    15. Ito, Katsuya, 2017. "CO2 emissions, renewable and non-renewable energy consumption, and economic growth: Evidence from panel data for developing countries," International Economics, Elsevier, vol. 151(C), pages 1-6.
    16. Ghazala Aziz & Suleman Sarwar & Rida Waheed & Mohd Saeed Khan, 2024. "The significance of renewable energy, globalization, and agriculture on sustainable economic growth and green environment: Metaphorically, a two‐sided blade," Natural Resources Forum, Blackwell Publishing, vol. 48(3), pages 763-783, August.
    17. Zameer, Hashim & Yasmeen, Humaira & Wang, Rong & Tao, Jing & Malik, Muhammad Nasir, 2020. "An empirical investigation of the coordinated development of natural resources, financial development and ecological efficiency in China," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 65(C).
    18. Li, Rongrong & Wang, Qiang & Li, Lejia & Hu, Sailan, 2023. "Do natural resource rent and corruption governance reshape the environmental Kuznets curve for ecological footprint? Evidence from 158 countries," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 85(PB).
    19. Ulucak, Recep & Danish, & Ozcan, Burcu, 2020. "Relationship between energy consumption and environmental sustainability in OECD countries: The role of natural resources rents," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 69(C).
    20. Abdulkadir Abdulrashid Rafindadi, 2015. "Could the Expanding Economic Growth and Trade Openness of the United Kingdom Pose a Threat to its Existing Energy Predicaments?," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, vol. 5(1), pages 121-137.
    21. Minhaj Ali & Dervis Kirikkaleli & Mehmet Altuntaş, 2024. "The nexus between CO2 intensity of GDP and environmental degradation in South European countries," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 26(5), pages 11089-11100, May.
    22. Mensi, Walid & Hammoudeh, Shawkat & Shahzad, Syed Jawad Hussain & Shahbaz, Muhammad, 2017. "Modeling systemic risk and dependence structure between oil and stock markets using a variational mode decomposition-based copula method," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 75(C), pages 258-279.
    23. Nathaniel, Solomon Prince & Yalçiner, Kürşat & Bekun, Festus Victor, 2021. "Assessing the environmental sustainability corridor: Linking natural resources, renewable energy, human capital, and ecological footprint in BRICS," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 70(C).
    24. Li Chunling & Javed Ahmed Memon & Tiep Le Thanh & Minhaj Ali & Dervis Kirikkaleli, 2021. "The Impact of Public-Private Partnership Investment in Energy and Technological Innovation on Ecological Footprint: The Case of Pakistan," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(18), pages 1-16, September.
    25. Atil, Ahmed & Nawaz, Kishwar & Lahiani, Amine & Roubaud, David, 2020. "Are natural resources a blessing or a curse for financial development in Pakistan? The importance of oil prices, economic growth and economic globalization," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 67(C).
    26. Brown, Leanora & McFarlane, Adian & Campbell, Kaycea & Das, Anupam, 2020. "Remittances and CO2 emissions in Jamaica: An asymmetric modified environmental kuznets curve," The Journal of Economic Asymmetries, Elsevier, vol. 22(C).
    27. Peter Romilly & Haiyan Song & Xiaming Liu, 2001. "Car ownership and use in Britain: a comparison of the empirical results of alternative cointegration estimation methods and forecasts," Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 33(14), pages 1803-1818.
    28. Guitao Qiao & Dan Yang & Mahmood Ahmad & Zahoor Ahmed, 2022. "Modeling for Insights: Does Fiscal Decentralization Impede Ecological Footprint?," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(16), pages 1-18, August.
    29. Manzoor Ahmad & Zeeshan Khan & Zia Ur Rahman & Shoukat Iqbal Khattak & Zia Ullah Khan, 2021. "Can innovation shocks determine CO2 emissions (CO2e) in the OECD economies? A new perspective," Economics of Innovation and New Technology, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 30(1), pages 89-109, January.
    30. Dervis Kirikkaleli & Minhaj Ali, 2024. "Resource efficiency, energy productivity, and environmental sustainability in Germany," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 26(5), pages 13139-13158, May.
    31. Jiang Qingquan & Shoukat Iqbal Khattak & Manzoor Ahmad & Lin Ping, 2020. "A new approach to environmental sustainability: Assessing the impact of monetary policy on CO2 emissions in Asian economies," Sustainable Development, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 28(5), pages 1331-1346, September.
    32. repec:aen:journl:ej40-1-sharma is not listed on IDEAS
    33. Usman, Muhammad & Balsalobre-Lorente, Daniel & Jahanger, Atif & Ahmad, Paiman, 2022. "Pollution concern during globalization mode in financially resource-rich countries: Do financial development, natural resources, and renewable energy consumption matter?," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 183(C), pages 90-102.
    34. Zia Ur Rahman & Hongbo Cai & Manzoor Ahmad, 2023. "A New Look At The Remittances-Fdi- Energy-Environment Nexus In The Case Of Selected Asian Nations," The Singapore Economic Review (SER), World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., vol. 68(01), pages 157-175, March.
    35. Hailu, Degol & Kipgen, Chinpihoi, 2017. "The Extractives Dependence Index (EDI)," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 51(C), pages 251-264.
    36. Shahbaz, Muhammad & Raghutla, Chandrashekar & Song, Malin & Zameer, Hashim & Jiao, Zhilun, 2020. "Public-private partnerships investment in energy as new determinant of CO2 emissions: The role of technological innovations in China," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 86(C).
    37. Katsuya Ito, 2017. "CO2 emissions, renewable and non-renewable energy consumption, and economic growth: Evidence from panel data for developing countries," International Economics, CEPII research center, issue 151, pages 1-6.
    38. Wang, S.S. & Zhou, D.Q. & Zhou, P. & Wang, Q.W., 2011. "CO2 emissions, energy consumption and economic growth in China: A panel data analysis," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 39(9), pages 4870-4875, September.
    39. Wang, Qiang & Hu, Sailan & Li, Rongrong, 2024. "Could information and communication technology (ICT) reduce carbon emissions? The role of trade openness and financial development," Telecommunications Policy, Elsevier, vol. 48(3).
    40. Acheampong, Alex O., 2018. "Economic growth, CO2 emissions and energy consumption: What causes what and where?," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 74(C), pages 677-692.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Nazish Tariq & Minhaj Ali & Muhammad Usman, 2025. "Impact of human capital and natural resources on environmental quality in South Asia," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 27(12), pages 30649-30669, December.
    2. Fu, Haoliang & Guo, Wenwei & Sun, Zheng & Xia, Ting, 2023. "Asymmetric impact of natural resources rent, monetary and fiscal policies on environmental sustainability in BRICS countries," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 82(C).
    3. Li, Xuelin & Yang, Lin, 2023. "Natural resources, remittances and carbon emissions: A Dutch Disease perspective with remittances for South Asia," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 85(PB).
    4. Serife Ozsahin & Gulbahar Ucler, 2025. "Are remittances an opportunity or a threat to sustainable environmental quality in India? Evidence from nonlinear smooth transition models," Journal of the Knowledge Economy, Springer;Portland International Center for Management of Engineering and Technology (PICMET), vol. 16(2), pages 8867-8886, June.
    5. Lingli Qing & Peng Li & Yaode Wang & Usman Mehmood & Hind Alofaysan, 2025. "Non‐linear nexus of mineral rents, coal rents, foreign direct investment, and environmental sustainability: Importance of institutional quality in E‐7 nations," Natural Resources Forum, Blackwell Publishing, vol. 49(3), pages 2393-2414, August.
    6. Tan, Qingmei & Yasmeen, Humaira & Ali, Sharafat & Ismail, Hina & Zameer, Hashim, 2023. "Fintech development, renewable energy consumption, government effectiveness and management of natural resources along the belt and road countries," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 80(C).
    7. Zahid Zahoor & Muhammad Shahbaz & Samariddin Makhmudov, 2026. "Public-Private Partnerships Investment in Energy-Financial Development Nexus and Role of Natural Resources in China," Journal of the Knowledge Economy, Springer;Portland International Center for Management of Engineering and Technology (PICMET), vol. 17(2), pages 4712-4742, April.
    8. Muhammad Qayyum & Yuyuan Yu & Mir Muhammad Nizamani & Saqlain Raza & Minhaj Ali & Shijie Li, 2023. "Financial Instability and CO2 Emissions in India: Evidence from ARDL Bound Testing Approach," Energy & Environment, , vol. 34(4), pages 808-829, June.
    9. Muhammad Farhan Bashir & Benjiang MA & Muhammad Shahbaz & Zhilun Jiao, 2020. "The nexus between environmental tax and carbon emissions with the roles of environmental technology and financial development," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 15(11), pages 1-20, November.
    10. Ahmed, Zahoor & Asghar, Muhammad Mansoor & Malik, Muhammad Nasir & Nawaz, Kishwar, 2020. "Moving towards a sustainable environment: The dynamic linkage between natural resources, human capital, urbanization, economic growth, and ecological footprint in China," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 67(C).
    11. Adedoyin, Festus Fatai & Alola, Andrew Adewale & Bekun, Festus Victor, 2021. "The alternative energy utilization and common regional trade outlook in EU-27: Evidence from common correlated effects," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 145(C).
    12. Jamiu Adetola Odugbesan & Husam Rjoub, 2020. "Relationship Among Economic Growth, Energy Consumption, CO2 Emission, and Urbanization: Evidence From MINT Countries," SAGE Open, , vol. 10(2), pages 21582440209, April.
    13. Yasmeen, Humaira & Tan, Qingmei & Zameer, Hashim & Vo, Xuan Vinh & Shahbaz, Muhammad, 2021. "Discovering the relationship between natural resources, energy consumption, gross capital formation with economic growth: Can lower financial openness change the curse into blessing," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 71(C).
    14. Syed Abdul Rehman Khan & Danish Iqbal Godil & Muhammad Umer Quddoos & Zhang Yu & Muhammad Hanif Akhtar & Zijing Liang, 2021. "Investigating the nexus between energy, economic growth, and environmental quality: A road map for the sustainable development," Sustainable Development, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 29(5), pages 835-846, September.
    15. Javed, Aamir & Rapposelli, Agnese & Khan, Feroz & Javed, Asif & Abid, Nabila, 2024. "Do green technology innovation, environmental policy, and the transition to renewable energy matter in times of ecological crises? A step towards ecological sustainability," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 207(C).
    16. Ying Li & Tongxin Li & Muhammad Adil Javed & Abdelmohsen A. Nassani, 2026. "Examining the contribution of globalization, renewable energy, and economic growth towards CO2 emissions in the G‐7 countries," Natural Resources Forum, Blackwell Publishing, vol. 50(1), pages 122-138, February.
    17. Martín Olivera & Ver�nica Segarra, 2021. "Calidad ambiental y crecimiento económico: análisis dinámico para América Latina y el Caribe," Revista de Economía del Rosario, Universidad del Rosario, vol. 24(2).
    18. Jahanger, Atif & Hossain, Mohammad Razib & Usman, Muhammad & Chukwuma Onwe, Joshua, 2023. "Recent scenario and nexus between natural resource dependence, energy use and pollution cycles in BRICS region: Does the mediating role of human capital exist?," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 81(C).
    19. Minhaj Ali & Shujahat Haider Hashmi & Yasir Habib & Dervis Kirikkaleli, 2024. "The asymmetric impact of public–private partnership investment in energy on CO2 emissions in Pakistan," Energy & Environment, , vol. 35(4), pages 2131-2150, June.
    20. Dong, Zequn & Tan, Chaodan & Zhang, Wenxue & Zhang, Lixiang & Zhang, Lingran, 2024. "Are natural resources a blessing or a curse for renewable energy? Uncovering the role of regulatory quality and government effectiveness in mitigating the curse," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 98(C).

    More about this item

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:wly:natres:v:49:y:2025:i:4:p:3298-3318. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Wiley Content Delivery (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://doi.org/10.1111/(ISSN)1477-8947 .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.