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A classification of mergers and acquisitions by motives: Analysis of market responses

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  • RAPHAEL AMIT
  • JOSHUA LIVNAT
  • PAUL ZAROWIN

Abstract

. This study classifies mergers and acquisitions (M&A) into three target groups: (i) those that choose M&A as an alternative to bankruptcy, (ii) highly liquid target firms, and (iii) the remainder of M&A. Each of these categories yields different market responses: stockholders of bankrupt†predicted target firms have the lowest abnormal returns while stockholders of highly liquid targets have the highest. These results are consistent with the free†cash†flows hypothesis for M&A and are robust to possible confounding effects, such as size, method of payment, and whether the takeover is a merger or a tender offer. Résumé. Les auteurs classifient les fusions et les acquisitions selon trois groupes, savoir: i) les entreprises qui choisissent la fusion ou l'acquisition comme solution de rechange à la faillite, ii) le entreprises cibles qui ont un degré élevé de liquidité et iii) les autres cas de fusions et d'acquisitions. Chacun de ces groupes suscite des réactions différentes du marché: les actionnaires d'entreprises cibles dont la faillite est prévisible enregistrent les rendements anormaux les plus faibles tandis que les actionnaires des entreprises cibles ayant un degré élevé de liquidité enregistrent les rendements les plus élevés. Ces résultats sont conformes à l'hypothèse des flux monétaires libres relative aux fusions et aux acquisitions et résistent aux effets contradictoires possibles, tels que la taille, le mode de paiement et la nature de la prise de participation (fusion ou offre publique d'achat).

Suggested Citation

  • Raphael Amit & Joshua Livnat & Paul Zarowin, 1989. "A classification of mergers and acquisitions by motives: Analysis of market responses," Contemporary Accounting Research, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 6(1), pages 143-158, September.
  • Handle: RePEc:wly:coacre:v:6:y:1989:i:1:p:143-158
    DOI: 10.1111/j.1911-3846.1989.tb00750.x
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    1. Barber, Brad M. & Palmer, Donald & Wallace, James, 1995. "Determinants of conglomerate and predatory acquisitions: evidence from the 1960s," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 1(3-4), pages 283-318, April.
    2. Noronha, Gregory M. & Shome, Dilip K. & Morgan, George E., 1996. "The monitoring rationale for dividends and the interaction of capital structure and dividend decisions," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 20(3), pages 439-454, April.
    3. Saporoschenko, Andrew, 1998. "Do dividend reinvestment plans contribute to industrial firm value and efficiency?," Financial Services Review, Elsevier, vol. 7(4), pages 273-289.
    4. Chin-Sheng Huang & Chun-Fan You & Hsiao-Fen Hsiao, 2017. "Dividends and Subsequent Profitability: An Examination of a Dual Dividend Stock Market," Review of Pacific Basin Financial Markets and Policies (RPBFMP), World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., vol. 20(01), pages 1-35, March.
    5. Halpern, Paul & Kieschnick, Robert & Rotenberg, Wendy, 2005. "Managerial shareholdings, firm value, and acquired corporations," The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 45(4-5), pages 781-795, September.
    6. Xuejun Jiang & Louise Lu, 2021. "How do US investors perceive the risk of local political corruption? Evidence from acquisition announcement," Accounting and Finance, Accounting and Finance Association of Australia and New Zealand, vol. 61(1), pages 885-912, March.
    7. Huang, Chin-Sheng & You, Chun-Fan & Lin, Szu-Hsien, 2009. "Cash dividends, stock dividends and subsequent earnings growth," Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 17(5), pages 594-610, November.
    8. Zha Giedt, Jenny, 2017. "Why Do Firms Sell Out? Separating Targets’ Motives from Bidders’ Selection of Targets in M&A," MPRA Paper 81014, University Library of Munich, Germany, revised 23 Aug 2017.
    9. Shao, Bohua & Asatani, Kimitaka & Sasaki, Hajime & Sakata, Ichiro, 2021. "Categorization of mergers and acquisitions using transaction network features," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 57(C).
    10. Bugeja, Martin, 2011. "Takeover premiums and the perception of auditor independence and reputation," The British Accounting Review, Elsevier, vol. 43(4), pages 278-293.

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