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Import competition and firm‐level CO 2 emissions: Evidence from the German manufacturing industry

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  • Jakob Lehr

Abstract

Using the German census of the manufacturing industry, I analyze the impact of import competition on carbon emissions per unit of deflated sales (emission intensity). I combine precise information on firm‐level CO 2 emissions with sector‐level trade flows. Looking at the period 1995 until 2017, I focus on the impact of the rise of Eastern Europe and China while addressing the endogeneity of trade flows with an instrumental variable approach. The baseline results suggest that a 1 pp increase in the import penetration ratio caused a reduction of the average firm's emission intensity by approximately 0.3%. This result implies that the rise of the joint East between 1995 and 2017 kept the average firm's emission intensity 6% below the level it would have had in the absence of the East's rise. I do not find strong indication for reallocation of production towards more efficient firms. Finally, I supplement the analysis by examining the effect of export opportunities due to the East's rise. The results indicate that exporting to the East increased sales and emissions, with a small, if any, negative effect on emission intensities. Concurrence des importations et émissions de CO 2 des entreprises : l'exemple de l'industrie manufacturière allemande. En utilisant le recensement allemand de l'industrie manufacturière, j'analyse l'incidence de la concurrence des importations sur les émissions de carbone par unité de ventes en termes réels (intensité des émissions). Je combine des données précises sur les émissions de CO 2 des entreprises avec les flux des échanges commerciaux sectoriels. En examinant la période allant de 1995 à 2017, je me concentre sur l'effet de la montée en puissance de l'Europe de l'Est et de la Chine tout en tenant compte de l'endogénéité des flux commerciaux à l'aide de la méthode des variables instrumentales. Les résultats de base suggèrent qu'une augmentation d'un point du taux de pénétration des importations entraîne une réduction de l'intensité des émissions de l'entreprise moyenne d'environ 0,3 %. Ce résultat indique que la montée en puissance des pays de l'Est entre 1995 et 2017 a maintenu l'intensité des émissions de l'entreprise moyenne 6 % en dessous du niveau qu'elle aurait atteint en l'absence de celle‐ci. Je ne constate pas d'indication forte d'une redistribution de la production vers des entreprises plus efficaces. Enfin, je complète l'analyse en examinant l'effet des possibilités d'exportation dues à la montée en puissance de l'Est. Les résultats indiquent que les exportations vers l'Est ont augmenté les ventes et les émissions, avec un effet négatif faible, voire nul, sur l'intensité des émissions.

Suggested Citation

  • Jakob Lehr, 2025. "Import competition and firm‐level CO 2 emissions: Evidence from the German manufacturing industry," Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d'économique, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 58(2), pages 747-770, May.
  • Handle: RePEc:wly:canjec:v:58:y:2025:i:2:p:747-770
    DOI: 10.1111/caje.70003
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