IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/wly/canjec/v57y2024i4p1182-1202.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

The design of external reference pricing schemes and the choice of reference countries and pricing rules

Author

Listed:
  • Laura Birg

Abstract

External reference pricing imposes a price cap for drugs based on prices in other countries. I study the choice of reference countries and pricing rules in a three‐country framework. If the manufacturer sells to all three countries, the minimum price rule yields the lowest drug price. If the referencing country is sufficiently large, the manufacturer may not export to reference countries under the minimum price rule. External reference pricing creates the incentive for the reference countries also to adopt external reference pricing. Thus, external reference pricing results in price convergence. La conception des structures de prix de référence externe et le choix des pays de référence et des règles d'établissement des prix. Un prix de référence externe impose un plafond tarifaire aux médicaments selon les prix fixés dans les autres pays. J'étudie le choix des pays de référence et des règles d'établissement des prix, dans un cadre à trois pays. Si le fabricant vend un médicament dans les trois pays, la règle du prix minimum produit le prix le plus faible pour le médicament. Si le pays de référence est suffisamment grand, le fabricant peut décider de ne pas exporter vers les autres pays de référence pour un prix moindre. Le prix de référence externe crée ainsi un incitatif pour les pays de référence afin qu'ils adoptent un prix de référence externe. Par conséquent, le prix de référence externe entraîne une convergence des prix.

Suggested Citation

  • Laura Birg, 2024. "The design of external reference pricing schemes and the choice of reference countries and pricing rules," Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d'économique, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 57(4), pages 1182-1202, November.
  • Handle: RePEc:wly:canjec:v:57:y:2024:i:4:p:1182-1202
    DOI: 10.1111/caje.12744
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://doi.org/10.1111/caje.12744
    Download Restriction: no

    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1111/caje.12744?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Nicolas Houy & Izabela Jelovac, 2015. "Drug Launch Timing and International Reference Pricing," Health Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 24(8), pages 978-989, August.
    2. Begoña Garcia Mariñoso & Izabela Jelovac & Pau Olivella, 2011. "External referencing and pharmaceutical price negotiation," Health Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 20(6), pages 737-756, June.
    3. repec:dau:papers:123456789/5987 is not listed on IDEAS
    4. Iain M. Cockburn & Jean O. Lanjouw & Mark Schankerman, 2016. "Patents and the Global Diffusion of New Drugs," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 106(1), pages 136-164, January.
    5. Brekke, Kurt R. & Holmas, Tor Helge & Straume, Odd Rune, 2011. "Reference pricing, competition, and pharmaceutical expenditures: Theory and evidence from a natural experiment," Journal of Public Economics, Elsevier, vol. 95(7), pages 624-638.
    6. Costa-Font, Joan & McGuire, Alistair & Varol, Nebibe, 2014. "Price regulation and relative delays in generic drug adoption," Journal of Health Economics, Elsevier, vol. 38(C), pages 1-9.
    7. Kyle Margaret, 2011. "Strategic Responses to Parallel Trade," The B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy, De Gruyter, vol. 11(2), pages 1-34, January.
    8. Brekke, Kurt R. & Holmås, Tor Helge & Straume, Odd Rune, 2015. "Price regulation and parallel imports of pharmaceuticals," Journal of Public Economics, Elsevier, vol. 129(C), pages 92-105.
    9. Nicolas Houy & Izabela Jelovac, 2019. "Comparing approval procedures for new drugs," The World Economy, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 42(5), pages 1598-1619, May.
    10. Verniers, Isabel & Stremersch, Stefan & Croux, Christophe, 2011. "The global entry of new pharmaceuticals: A joint investigation of launch window and price," International Journal of Research in Marketing, Elsevier, vol. 28(4), pages 295-308.
    11. Margaret K. Kyle, 2007. "Pharmaceutical Price Controls and Entry Strategies," The Review of Economics and Statistics, MIT Press, vol. 89(1), pages 88-99, February.
    12. Anke Richter, 2008. "Assessing the Impact of Global Price Interdependencies," PharmacoEconomics, Springer, vol. 26(8), pages 649-659, August.
    13. Philipp Ackermann, 2010. "External Price Benchmarking vs. Price Negotiation for Pharmaceuticals," Diskussionsschriften dp1004, Universitaet Bern, Departement Volkswirtschaft.
    14. Margaret K. Kyle, 2019. "The Single Market in Pharmaceuticals," Review of Industrial Organization, Springer;The Industrial Organization Society, vol. 55(1), pages 111-135, August.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Laura Birg, 2023. "Pharmaceutical regulation under market integration through parallel trade," Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d'économique, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 56(4), pages 1322-1346, November.
    2. Birg, Laura, 2019. "Price Caps versus Reimbursement Limits: Pharmaceutical Regulation under Market Integration through Parallel Trade," University of Göttingen Working Papers in Economics 253, University of Goettingen, Department of Economics, revised 2019.
    3. Fabian Grünwald & Tom Stargardt, 2024. "Harmonizing regulatory market approval of products with high safety requirements: Evidence from the European pharmaceutical market," Health Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 33(7), pages 1546-1564, July.
    4. Pierre Dubois & Morten Sæthre, 2020. "On the Effect of Parallel Trade on Manufacturers' and Retailers' Profits in the Pharmaceutical Sector," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 88(6), pages 2503-2545, November.
    5. Brekke, Kurt R. & Holmås, Tor Helge & Straume, Odd Rune, 2015. "Price regulation and parallel imports of pharmaceuticals," Journal of Public Economics, Elsevier, vol. 129(C), pages 92-105.
    6. Hernández, Carlos Eduardo & Cantillo-Cleves, Santiago, 2024. "A toolkit for setting and evaluating price floors," Journal of Public Economics, Elsevier, vol. 232(C).
    7. Susan J. Méndez, 2018. "Parallel trade of pharmaceuticals: The Danish market for statins," Health Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 27(2), pages 333-356, February.
    8. Margaret K. Kyle, 2019. "The Single Market in Pharmaceuticals," Review of Industrial Organization, Springer;The Industrial Organization Society, vol. 55(1), pages 111-135, August.
    9. Nicolas Houy & Izabela Jelovac, 2019. "Comparing approval procedures for new drugs," The World Economy, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 42(5), pages 1598-1619, May.
    10. Birg, Laura, 2016. "External reference pricing and the choice of country baskets and pricing rules," University of Göttingen Working Papers in Economics 279, University of Goettingen, Department of Economics.
    11. Tomaso Duso & Annika Herr & Moritz Suppliet, 2014. "The Welfare Impact Of Parallel Imports: A Structural Approach Applied To The German Market For Oral Anti‐Diabetics," Health Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 23(9), pages 1036-1057, September.
    12. Nebibe Varol & Joan Costa-i-Font & Alistair McGuire, 2011. "Explaining Early Adoption on New Medicines: Regulation, Innovation and Scale," CESifo Working Paper Series 3459, CESifo.
    13. Kurt Brekke & Dag Dalen & Tor Holmås, 2014. "Diffusion of pharmaceuticals: cross-country evidence of anti-TNF drugs," The European Journal of Health Economics, Springer;Deutsche Gesellschaft für Gesundheitsökonomie (DGGÖ), vol. 15(9), pages 937-951, December.
    14. Berndt, Ernst R. & Dubois, Pierre, 2012. "Impacts of Patent Expiry and Regulatory Policies on Daily Cost of Pharmaceutical Treatments: OECD Countries, 2004-2010," IDEI Working Papers 702, Institut d'Économie Industrielle (IDEI), Toulouse.
    15. Nicolas Houy & Izabela Jelovac, 2014. "Drug approval decision times, international reference pricing and strategic launches of new drugs," Working Papers halshs-01072741, HAL.
    16. Brekke, Kurt R. & Canta, Chiara & Straume, Odd Rune, 2016. "Reference pricing with endogenous generic entry," Journal of Health Economics, Elsevier, vol. 50(C), pages 312-329.
    17. Verdiana Giannetti & Gaia Rubera, 2020. "Innovation for and from emerging countries: a closer look at the antecedents of trickle-down and reverse innovation," Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, Springer, vol. 48(5), pages 987-1008, September.
    18. Laura Birg, 2023. "Parallel imports under a manufacturer rebate and a price freeze: Evidence from Germany," Health Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 32(2), pages 302-323, February.
    19. Fiorentini, Gianluca & Bruni, Matteo Lippi & Mammi, Irene, 2022. "The same old medicine but cheaper: The impact of patent expiry on physicians’ prescribing behaviour," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 204(C), pages 37-68.
    20. Dai, Rong & Watal, Jayashree, 2021. "Product patents and access to innovative medicines," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 291(C).

    More about this item

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:wly:canjec:v:57:y:2024:i:4:p:1182-1202. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Wiley Content Delivery (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://doi.org/10.1111/(ISSN)1540-5982 .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.