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Les transferts intergénérationnels des migrants âgés

Author

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  • Claudine Attias-Donfut
  • François-Charles Wolff
  • Philippe Tessier

Abstract

[spa] La encuesta Paso a la jubilación de los inmigrantes, llevada a cabo en 2003 sobre una muestra de 6.211 inmigrantes adultos, ubicados en un rango de edad de entre 45 y 70 años y residentes en Francia, informa de los circuitos privados de ayuda monetaria a los emigrantes. Estos fl ujos fi nancieros involucran varios aspectos, en particular la composición de la red de ayuda mutua, la orientación de las ayudas intergeneracionales ascendiente o descendiente, el destino de las ayudas nacional o •migratoria”, así como su carácter de donación o préstamo. También se contabilizan los envíos de dinero a sí mismo en el país de origen. Los resultados ponen de manifi esto una especifi cidad en el comportamiento de las transferencias de los emigrantes, así como su diversifi cación en función del país de origen. Las redes familiares de ayuda mutua de los emigrantes no están centradas únicamente en la línea intergeneracional, sino que se extienden más allá, dando lugar a un buen número de intercambios entre los parientes. Las transferencias intergeneracionales se dan con igual frecuencia en dirección de los ascendientes que de los descendientes, sobre todo entre los emigrantes originarios de África, sin embargo, las sumas giradas a los hijos son mucho más importantes. En cuanto a las redes extra-familiares, si bien son más reducidas, hay que decir que ocupan un lugar signifi cativo, principalmente en forma de préstamos de dinero. Las transferencias migratorias constituyen una parte importante del conjunto de las remesas y están compuestas en buena medida de envíos de dinero para uno mismo. Ya estén destinadas al país de origen o bien efectuadas in situ, las donaciones de dinero están motivadas prioritariamente por las necesidades de los destinatarios, donde los emigrantes desempeñan un papel de •centro”, al abastecer al conjunto de los miembros de la familia. Los emigrantes desempeñan también una importante función de lazo social con los allegados que se han quedado en el país de origen. Las remesas intergeneracionales de los emigrantes de edad [eng] Intergenerational transfers by elderly migrants . The 2003 survey •Passage à la retraite des immigrés” (The Retirement of Immigrants), carried out on a sample of 6,211 immigrants aged between 45 and 70 years old living in Metropolitan France, reveals details about the private mutual fi nancial support networks of migrants. These fl ows of money are analysed along multiple dimensions, in particular the composition of the mutual support network, the upward or downward movement of fi nancial aid between generations, whether the aid remains in the country or is sent abroad, as well as whether it is given as a gift or a loan. Money transfers sent by the migrant to their country of origin for their personal use are also recognised. The results reveal a specifi city of the behaviour of the migrants’ transfers as well as their diversifi cation between countries of origin. The migrants’ family mutual support networks are not exclusively intergenerational; signifi cant money transfers also occur between siblings. Transfers between generations occur from child to parent as frequently as they do from parent to child, particularly amongst African immigrants, although parents give children the larger amounts of money. With regard to networks outside the family, although they are much smaller than the family network, they nevertheless provide signifi cant fi nancial aid, mainly in the form of loans. Transfers by migrants represent a signifi cant proportion of total transfers and are mostly for personal use by the sender. Whether these transfers are sent to their country of origin or are carried out in the host country, the needs of the recipient are the main motivation for sending monetary gifts, with the migrants playing a •key” role as provider for the whole family. They also play an important social role, maintaining links with the close relatives who remain in the country of origin. [ger] Die Intergenerationentransfers älterer Migranten . Die 2003 bei einer Stichprobe von 6 211 in Kontinentalfrankreich ansässigen Einwanderern im Alter von 45 bis 70 Jahren durchgeführte Erhebung . Renteneintritt der Zuwanderer gibt Auskunft über die private gegenseitige Finanzhilfe der Migranten. Diese Finanzströme zeichnen sich durch vielfältige Dimensionen aus, insbesondere die Zusammensetzung des Netzes der gegenseitigen Hilfe, die Empfänger der Hilfe (Aszendenten oder Deszendenten), den Bestimmungsort der Hilfe (Frankreich oder Ausland) sowie die Art der Hilfe (Schenkung oder Darlehen). Mitgerechnet werden auch die Geldüberweisungen für sich selbst ins Herkunftsland. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Migranten ein spezielles Transferverhalten aufweisen, das sich je nach Herkunftsland unterscheidet. Die Familiennetze der Migranten dienen nicht ausschließlich der gegenseitigen Hilfe zwischen den Generationen, sondern auch umfassenden Transfers zwischen Geschwistern. Die Hilfe zwischen den Generationen wird genauso häufi g Aszendenten wie Deszendenten gewährt, vor allem bei den aus Afrika stammenden Migranten; allerdings erhalten die Kinder bedeutendere Summen. Die außerfamiliären Netze sind zwar kleiner als die Familiennetze, stellen aber einen wichtigen Ort des Austausches dar, hauptsächlich in Form von Darlehen. Die Transfers ins Ausland machen einen bedeutenden Teil der Transfers aus und umfassen zahlreiche Geldüberweisungen für sich selbst. Geldschenkungen •ob ins Herkunftsland oder vor Ort •sind vorrangig durch die Bedürfnisse der Empfänger begründet; denn die Migranten sorgen für die gesamten Familie und dienen ihr als Stütze. Ferner sind sie ein wichtiges soziales Bindeglied zu den im Herkunftsland verbliebenen Verwandten. [fre] Menée en 2003 auprès d'un échantillon de 6 211 immigrés âgés de 45 à 70 ans résidant en France métropolitaine, l'enquête Passage à la retraite des immigrés renseigne sur les circuits privés d'entraide monétaire des migrants. Ces flux financiers sont décomposés selon de multiples dimensions, en particulier la composition du réseau d'entraide, la direction ascendante ou descendante des aides intergénérationnelles, leur destination intra-nationale ou « migratoire » ainsi que leur caractère de don ou de prêt. Les envois d'argent pour soi-même dans le pays d'origine sont aussi comptabilisés. Les résultats révèlent une spécificité des comportements de transferts des migrants ainsi que leur diversification selon les pays d'origine. Les réseaux familiaux d'entraide des migrants ne sont pas exclusivement centrés sur la ligne générationnelle, ils font aussi une large place aux échanges au sein de la fratrie. Les transferts intergénérationnels y sont aussi fréquents en direction des ascendants que des descendants, surtout parmi les originaires d'Afrique, mais les sommes versées aux enfants sont plus importantes. Quant au réseau extra-familial, s'il est bien plus réduit que le réseau familial, il est néanmoins un lieu significatif d'échanges, principalement sous forme de prêts d'argent. Les transferts migratoires constituent une partie importante de l'ensemble des transferts et sont largement composés d'envois d'argent pour soi-même. Qu'ils soient destinés au pays d'origine ou effectués sur place, les dons d'argent sont motivés en priorité par les besoins des destinataires, les migrants jouant un rôle de « pivot », pourvoyeur de l'ensemble des membres de la famille. Ils ont aussi une fonction importante de lien social avec les proches restés dans le pays d'origine.

Suggested Citation

  • Claudine Attias-Donfut & François-Charles Wolff & Philippe Tessier, 2005. "Les transferts intergénérationnels des migrants âgés," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 390(1), pages 3-23.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:ecstat:estat_0336-1454_2005_num_390_1_7161
    DOI: 10.3406/estat.2005.7161
    Note: DOI:10.3406/estat.2005.7161
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    1. Cris Beauchemin & Hugues Lagrange & Mirna Safi, 2011. "Transnationalism and immigrant assimilation in France : between here and there ?," Working Papers 172, Institut National d'Études Démographiques (INED).

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