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Aides incitatives et déterminants des embauches des établissements passés aux 35 heures

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  • Matthieu Bunel

Abstract

[spa] Ayudas incitativas y determinantes de las contrataciones de los establecimientos que adoptaron las 35 horas . . Entre aquellos establecimientos que adoptaron las 35 horas a fines de 2000, se pueden identificar dos categorías: los establecimientos que han firmado un convenio «Robien» o «Aubry I» y que se han beneficiado de las ayudas incitativas y los que han adoptado las 35 horas sin obtener esas ayudas pero que se han beneficiado de unas desgravaciones previstas en el dispositivo «Aubry 2». El análisis propuesto trata de identificar los determinantes de las creaciones de empleo en ambas categorías de establecimientos que han realizado la reducción del tiempo de trabajo (RTT), se basa en datos pormenorizados sacados de la encuesta Passages realizada en 2001 por la Dares y el instituto BVA. El impacto de la importancia de la variación del tiempo de trabajo, el de la evolución del coste laboral y el de las ganancias de productividad se estudia aquí de manera sucesiva. La evaluación ex post muestra que esas variables, utilizadas en los modelos macroeconómicos prospectivos para explicar la eficacia de la RTT sobre el empleo, influyen fuertemente en la magnitud de las creaciones de empleo de la totalidad de los establecimientos que adoptaron las 35 horas. Con todo, su impacto es mayor entre los establecimientos que han obtenido unas ayudas incitativas. Según la encuesta Passages, las plantillas de los establecimientos que se han beneficiado de las ayudas incitativas han aumentado en más del 10 % contra el 4 % para los otros. Tal diferencia puede explicarse si se observan en ella tres partes: una relacionada con las modalidades observadas de instauración de la RTT, otra relacionada con las características no observadas de los establecimientos, y la última relacionada con el efecto de selección de los establecimientos más dinámicos. Cerca de la mitad de la diferencia media de las creaciones de empleos entre los establecimientos que han obtenido unas ayudas incitativas y los otros, se explica por unas disparidades al realizarse la RTT, sobre todo la importancia de la variación del tiempo de trabajo, la evolución del coste laboral y las ganancias de productividad. La selección de los establecimientos más dinámicos no es el único elemento que explica las diferencias en las creaciones de empleos observados. [fre] Aides incitatives et déterminants des embauches des établissements passés aux 35 heures . . Parmi les établissements passés aux 35 heures fin 2000, deux catégories peuvent être identifiées: les établissements ayant signé une convention «Robien» ou «Aubry 1» et ayant bénéficié des aides incitatives et ceux passés aux 35 heures sans obtenir ces aides mais ayant bénéficié des allégements prévus par le dispositif «Aubry 2». L’analyse proposée vise à identifier les déterminants des créations d’emplois de ces deux catégories d’établissements ayant mis en oeuvre la réduction du temps de travail (RTT), en s’appuyant sur des données détaillées issues de l’enquête Passages . réalisée en 2001 par la Dares et l’institut BVA. L’impact de l’ampleur de la variation du temps de travail, celui de l’évolution du coût du travail et celui des gains de productivité sont successivement étudiés. L’évaluation ex post souligne que ces variables, utilisées dans les modèles macroéconomiques prospectifs pour expliquer l’efficacité de la RTT sur l’emploi, influencent significativement l’ampleur des créations d’emplois de l’ensemble des établissements passés aux 35 heures. Toutefois, leur impact est plus fort sur les établissements ayant obtenu des aides incitatives. D’après l’enquête Passages, les effectifs des établissements ayant bénéficié des aides incitatives ont augmenté de plus de 10 % contre 4 % pour les autres. Afin d’expliquer cet écart, on le décompose en trois parties: celle liée aux modalités observées de mise en oeuvre de la RTT, celle liée aux caractéristiques non observées des établissements et celle provenant de l’effet de sélection des établissements les plus dynamiques. Près de la moitié de la différence moyenne de créations d’emplois entre les établissements ayant obtenu des aides incitatives et les autres s’explique par des disparités de mise en oeuvre de la RTT, notamment l’ampleur de la variation du temps de travail, l’évolution du coût du travail et les gains de productivité. Ainsi, la sélection des établissements les plus dynamiques n’est pas le seul élément expliquant les écarts de créations d’emplois observés. [eng] Incentive Schemes and Determinants for Recruitment by Firms on the Shorter Working Week . . Two categories of establishments can be identified among those that made the transition to the 35-hour working week in late 2000: the establishments that signed a •Robien” or •Aubry 1” agreement and received incentive scheme assistance and those that switched to 35 hours without obtaining this assistance, but benefited from the lower payroll charges provided for by the •Aubry 2” mechanism. The proposed analysis sets out to identify the determinants for job creations in these two categories of establishments that implemented the shorter working week. It is based on detailed data taken from the 2001 Passages (Transitions) survey conducted by DARES (Directorate for the Coordination of Research, Studies and Statistics) and the BVA institute. The effects of the extent of the variation in working hours and the changes to the labour cost and productivity gains are studied in turn. The ex-post evaluation finds that these variables, used in the forward-looking macroeconomic models to explain the employment effectiveness of the shorter working week, significantly influenced the level of job creations by all the establishments that switched to 35 hours. Yet they had a greater impact on the establishments that received incentive scheme assistance. The Passages survey reports that the staff of establishments receiving incentive scheme assistance rose by over 10% as opposed to 4% for the others. To explain this deviation, we break it down into three parts: that associated with the observed features of implementing the shorter working week, that associated with the unobserved characteristics of the establishments and the part due to the selection effect of the most buoyant establishments. Nearly half of the average difference in job creations between establishments receiving incentive scheme assistance and the others was due to disparities in the implementation of the shorter working week, especially the extent of the variation in working hours and the changes to the labour cost and productivity gains. Hence the selection of the most buoyant establishments is not the only element that explains the observed deviations in job creations. [ger] Hilfen als Anreiz und Determinanten für die Einstellung in Betrieben, die die 35-Stunden-Woche eingeführt haben . . Die Betriebe, die Ende 2000 die 35-Stunden-Woche eingeführt haben, können in zwei Kategorien eingeteilt werden: Betriebe, die eine Vereinbarung nach den Gesetzen «Robien» oder «Aubry 1» unterzeichnet haben und Hilfen als Anreiz zur Arbeitszeitverkürzung erhielten, und Betriebe, die zur 35-Stunden-Woche ohne Gewährung dieser Hilfen, aber bei Inanspruchnahme der im Gesetz «Aubry 2» vorgesehenen Entlastungen übergegangen sind. Bei der hier vorgeschlagenen Analyse sollen die Determinanten für die Schaffung von Arbeitsplätzen in diesen beiden Kategorien von Betrieben, die die Arbeitszeit verkürzt haben, anhand detaillierter Daten aus der Erhebung Passages ermittelt werden, die die DARES (Direktion Forschung, Studien und Statistiken des Ministeriums für Soziales, Arbeit und Solidarität) und das Meinungsforschungsinstitut BVA im Jahre 2001 durchführten. Untersucht werden nacheinander, welche Auswirkungen die Arbeitszeitschwankung, die Entwicklung der Arbeitskosten und die Produktivitätsgewinne haben. Die Ex-post-Bewertung zeigt, dass diese Variablen, die in den prospektiven makroökonomischen Modellen zur Erklärung der Beschäftigungswirksamkeit der Arbeitszeitverkürzung herangezogen werden, einen signifikanten Einfluss auf den Umfang der Schaffung von Arbeitsplätzen in allen Betrieben mit 35-Stunden-Woche haben. Bei den Betrieben, die Hilfen als Anreiz erhielten, sind deren Auswirkungen allerdings größer. Laut Erhebung Passages nahm der Personalstand der Betriebe, die Hilfen als Anreiz erhielten, um mehr als 10 % zu gegenüber 4 % bei den anderen. Zur Erklärung dieses Unterschieds wird er in drei Teile zerlegt: beobachtete Modalitäten der Arbeitszeitverkürzung, nicht beobachtete Merkmale der Betriebe und Effekt der Selektion der dynamischsten Betriebe. Der durchschnittliche Unterschied bei der Schaffung von Arbeitsplätzen zwischen den Betrieben, die Hilfen als Anreiz erhielten, und den anderen ist fast zur Hälfte auf die Disparitäten bei der Einführung der 35-Stunden-Woche zurückzuführen, insbesondere auf den Umfang der Arbeitszeitschwankung, die Entwicklung der Arbeitskosten und die Produktivitätsgewinne. Mithin ist die Selektion der dynamischsten Betriebe nicht das einzige Element, das die beobachteten Unterschiede bei der Schaffung von Arbeitsplätzen erklärt.

Suggested Citation

  • Matthieu Bunel, 2004. "Aides incitatives et déterminants des embauches des établissements passés aux 35 heures," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 376(1), pages 91-115.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:ecstat:estat_0336-1454_2004_num_376_1_7235
    DOI: 10.3406/estat.2004.7235
    Note: DOI:10.3406/estat.2004.7235
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    1. Philippe Askenazy, 2013. "Working time regulation in France from 1996 to 2012," Cambridge Journal of Economics, Cambridge Political Economy Society, vol. 37(2), pages 323-347.
    2. Fabrice Gilles, 2015. "Evaluating the Impact of a Working Time Regulation on Capital Operating Time: The French 35-hour Work Week Experience," Scottish Journal of Political Economy, Scottish Economic Society, vol. 62(2), pages 117-148, May.
    3. repec:clr:wugarc:y:2016v:42i:04p:665 is not listed on IDEAS
    4. Sánchez, Rafael, 2013. "Do reductions of standard hours affect employment transitions?: Evidence from Chile," Labour Economics, Elsevier, vol. 20(C), pages 24-37.
    5. Du Zaichao & Yin Hua & Zhang Lin, 2013. "The macroeconomic effects of the 35-h workweek regulation in France," The B.E. Journal of Macroeconomics, De Gruyter, vol. 13(1), pages 1-21, June.
    6. Askenazy, Philippe, 2008. "A Primer on the 35-Hour in France, 1997–2007," IZA Discussion Papers 3402, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
    7. Philipp Poyntner, 2016. "Beschäftigungseffekte von Arbeitszeitverkürzung," Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft - WuG, Kammer für Arbeiter und Angestellte für Wien, Abteilung Wirtschaftswissenschaft und Statistik, vol. 42(4), pages 665-684.
    8. Patrick Artus & Pierre Cahuc & André Zylberberg, 2007. "Réglementation du temps de travail, revenu et emploi," Université Paris1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (Post-Print and Working Papers) halshs-00255820, HAL.
    9. Mathieu Bunel & Yannick L'Horty, 2012. "The Effects of Reduced Social Security Contributions on Employment: An Evaluation of the 2003 French Reform," Fiscal Studies, Institute for Fiscal Studies, vol. 33(3), pages 371-398, September.
    10. Matthieu Bunel & Fabrice Gilles & Yannick L'Horty, 2009. "The effect of social security payroll tax reductions on employment and wages: an evaluation of the 2003 French reform," Working Papers hal-01292089, HAL.
    11. Matthieu Bunel & Fabrice Gilles & Yannick L’Horty, 2009. "Les effets des allègements de cotisations sociales sur l’emploi et les salaires : une évaluation de la réforme Fillon de 2003," Documents de recherche 09-12, Centre d'Études des Politiques Économiques (EPEE), Université d'Evry Val d'Essonne.

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