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Incentives and Female Entrepreneurial Activity: Evidence from Panel Firm Level Data

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  • Nicholas Apergis
  • Victoria Pekka-Economou

Abstract

The goal of this paper is to investigate entrepreneurial activity and to analyze the incentives of female participation in the labor market. Female entrepreneurial activity is closely related to social and economic issues. They represent a driving force, active and effective members of economic, political, professional and managerial societies. On the other hand, they have families with serious maternal responsibilities and inelastic household obligations, roles which they are trying to balance effectively. To that reason, specific actions and carefully designed measures are essential in encouraging and promoting them to engage into entrepreneurial activity. To investigate the issue of entrepreneurial activity, personal characteristics and various motivation incentives are examined in order to determine the major factors that may influence female entrepreneurial spirit in Greece. Obtaining data from 1600 industrial firms located in the prefecture of Piraeus over the period 1999–2009, this study makes use of the panel methodology approach to provide evidence about the main determinants of female entrepreneurship. What is found is that a combination of pull and push motives and effective mentoring framework, in addition to a set of personal characteristics such as risk of failure, educational level, creativity, innovativeness, ambitiousness and marital status, seem important for the encouragement of women entrepreneurship in Greece to start up a new business. The implications seem very substantial for the formulation and implementation of effective support policies and measures for female entrepreneurs’ vital start up and early stage period. Copyright International Atlantic Economic Society 2010

Suggested Citation

  • Nicholas Apergis & Victoria Pekka-Economou, 2010. "Incentives and Female Entrepreneurial Activity: Evidence from Panel Firm Level Data," International Advances in Economic Research, Springer;International Atlantic Economic Society, vol. 16(4), pages 371-387, November.
    • Handle: RePEc:kap:iaecre:v:16:y:2010:i:4:p:371-387:10.1007/s11294-010-9277-9
    DOI: 10.1007/s11294-010-9277-9
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Rosa, Peter & Carter, Sara & Hamilton, Daphne, 1996. "Gender as a Determinant of Small Business Performance: Insights from a British Study," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 8(6), pages 463-478, December.
    2. Candida G. Brush, 1992. "Research on Women Business Owners: Past Trends, a New Perspective and Future Directions," Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, , vol. 16(4), pages 5-30, July.
    3. Newey, Whitney & West, Kenneth, 2014. "A simple, positive semi-definite, heteroscedasticity and autocorrelation consistent covariance matrix," Applied Econometrics, Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration (RANEPA), vol. 33(1), pages 125-132.
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    Cited by:

    1. Eleftherios Soleas, 2021. "Environmental factors impacting the motivation to innovate: a systematic review," Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Springer, vol. 10(1), pages 1-18, December.
    2. Ivana FOSIĆ & Jelena KRISTIĆ & Ana TRUSIĆ, 2017. "Motivational Factors: Drivers Behind Women Entrepreneurs’ Decision To Start An Entrepreneurial Venture In Croatia," Scientific Annals of Economics and Business (continues Analele Stiintifice), Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, vol. 64(3), pages 339-357, September.
    3. Welsh, Dianne H.B. & Kaciak, Eugene & Shamah, Rania, 2018. "Determinants of women entrepreneurs' firm performance in a hostile environment," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 88(C), pages 481-491.
    4. Dianne H. B. Welsh & Eugene Kaciak & Caroline Minialai, 2017. "The influence of perceived management skills and perceived gender discrimination in launch decisions by women entrepreneurs," International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, Springer, vol. 13(1), pages 1-33, March.
    5. Eleftherios K. Soleas, 2020. "Leader strategies for motivating innovation in individuals: a systematic review," Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Springer, vol. 9(1), pages 1-28, December.
    6. Ioannis Sitaridis & Fotis Kitsios, 2019. "Entrepreneurship as a Career Option for Information Technology Students: Critical Barriers and the Role of Motivation," Journal of the Knowledge Economy, Springer;Portland International Center for Management of Engineering and Technology (PICMET), vol. 10(3), pages 1133-1167, September.

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    More about this item

    Keywords

    Female entrepreneurship; Entrepreneurial incentives; Industrial firms; Panel data; Greece; M13; C33;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • M13 - Business Administration and Business Economics; Marketing; Accounting; Personnel Economics - - Business Administration - - - New Firms; Startups
    • C33 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Multiple or Simultaneous Equation Models; Multiple Variables - - - Models with Panel Data; Spatio-temporal Models

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