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Determination of Spatially-Distributed Hydrological Ecosystem Services (HESS) in the Red River Delta Using a Calibrated SWAT Model

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  • Lan Thanh Ha

    (Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CN Delft, The Netherlands
    Institute of Water Resources Planning, 162A Tran Quang Khai, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam)

  • Wim G. M. Bastiaanssen

    (Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CN Delft, The Netherlands
    IrriWatch, Agro Business Park 10, 6708 PW Wageningen, The Netherlands)

Abstract

The principles of Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM), conservation of natural capital, and water accounting requires Hydrological Eco-System Services (HESS) to be determined. This paper presents a modeling approach for quantifying the HESS framework using the Soil Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). SWAT was used–after calibration against remote sensing data–to quantify and spatially identify total runoff, natural livestock feed production, fuelwood from natural forests, dry season flow, groundwater recharge, root zone storage for carrying over water from wet to dry season, sustaining rainfall, peak flow attenuation, carbon sequestration, microclimate cooling, and meeting environmental flow requirements. The environmental value of the current land use and vegetation was made explicit by carrying out parallel simulations for bare soil and vegetation conditions and reporting the incremental ecosystem services. Geographical areas with more and fewer HESS are identified. The spatial and temporal variability of annual HESS services is demonstrated for the Day Basin—which is part of the Red River delta (Vietnam)—for the period 2003 to 2013. The result shows that even though the basin is abundant with HESS, e.g., 7482 m 3 /ha of runoff, 3820 m 3 /ha of groundwater recharge, the trend for many HESS values, e.g., micro-climate cooling, meeting environmental flow requirements, and rootzone storage, are declining. It is found and proven that quantified HESS indicators highlighted the provisioning and regulating characters of ecosystem services, as well as geographical hotspots across the basin. The SWAT model shows the capability of simulating terrestrial eco-hydrological processes such as climate, soil, and current land use. The methodology illustrates how eco-hydrologists can benchmark ecosystem values and include HESS in exploring river basin management scenarios, climate change studies, and land use planning.

Suggested Citation

  • Lan Thanh Ha & Wim G. M. Bastiaanssen, 2023. "Determination of Spatially-Distributed Hydrological Ecosystem Services (HESS) in the Red River Delta Using a Calibrated SWAT Model," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(7), pages 1-24, April.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:15:y:2023:i:7:p:6247-:d:1116538
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Molden, D., 1997. "Accounting for water use and productivity," IWMI Books, Reports H021374, International Water Management Institute.
    2. Hansen, Rieke & Frantzeskaki, Niki & McPhearson, Timon & Rall, Emily & Kabisch, Nadja & Kaczorowska, Anna & Kain, Jaan-Henrik & Artmann, Martina & Pauleit, Stephan, 2015. "The uptake of the ecosystem services concept in planning discourses of European and American cities," Ecosystem Services, Elsevier, vol. 12(C), pages 228-246.
    3. Lan Thanh Ha & Wim G. M. Bastiaanssen & Gijs W. H. Simons & Ate Poortinga, 2023. "A New Framework of 17 Hydrological Ecosystem Services (HESS17) for Supporting River Basin Planning and Environmental Monitoring," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(7), pages 1-26, April.
    4. Strauch, Michael & Volk, Martin, 2013. "SWAT plant growth modification for improved modeling of perennial vegetation in the tropics," Ecological Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 269(C), pages 98-112.
    5. Molden, David J., 1997. "Accounting for water use and productivity," IWMI Books, International Water Management Institute, number 113623.
    6. Andrew K. Skidmore & Nathalie Pettorelli & Nicholas C. Coops & Gary N. Geller & Matthew Hansen & Richard Lucas & Caspar A. Mücher & Brian O'Connor & Marc Paganini & Henrique Miguel Pereira & Michael E, 2015. "Environmental science: Agree on biodiversity metrics to track from space," Nature, Nature, vol. 523(7561), pages 403-405, July.
    7. Klok, Lisette & Zwart, Sander & Verhagen, Henk & Mauri, Elena, 2012. "The surface heat island of Rotterdam and its relationship with urban surface characteristics," Resources, Conservation & Recycling, Elsevier, vol. 64(C), pages 23-29.
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    1. Lan Thanh Ha & Wim G. M. Bastiaanssen & Gijs W. H. Simons & Ate Poortinga, 2023. "A New Framework of 17 Hydrological Ecosystem Services (HESS17) for Supporting River Basin Planning and Environmental Monitoring," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(7), pages 1-26, April.

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