Towards a Win-Win Solution for Dietary Health and Carbon Reduction—Evidence from the Yangtze River Delta in China

Considering the contradiction between the need to change the food consumption structure of Chinese residents and the constraints of resources and the environment, as well as the changes in the consumption structure of Chinese residents in the Yangtze River Delta, we explore the path to achieve environmental sustainability while maintaining residents’ dietary health. Based on 1995–2019 Yangtze River Delta food consumption data, this paper uses the two-stage Engel–QUAIDS model to conduct an empirical analysis of the food consumption and carbon emissions of urban and rural residents in the Yangtze River Delta and simulates the impact of income growth and food price changes on per capita food consumption carbon emissions and nutrient intake. The results show that the residents of the Yangtze River Delta consume too much meat and poultry, and the carbon emissions are high; the consumption of eggs and fruits is obviously insufficient, and the carbon emissions are low. With an increase in income, the increase in food carbon emissions among rural residents (0.406%) is greater than that among urban residents (0.247%); higher prices of meat, poultry, and aquatic products can significantly reduce food carbon emissions, and higher prices of fruits will promote food carbon emissions. The nutritional intake of residents can still be guaranteed under the low-carbon policy. It is worth mentioning that after the price adjustment simulation, residents’ fat intake will be significantly reduced within the recommended range, which is also beneficial to residents’ health. Therefore, appropriately regulating food prices and increasing people’s income would not only ensure nutritional health but also contribute to reducing carbon emissions and creating a sustainable agricultural food system.