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Ecological Footprint and Its Determinants in MENA Countries: A Spatial Econometric Approach

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  • Mohammadreza Ramezani

    (Department of Agricultural Economics, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad (FUM), Mashhad 9177948978, Iran)

  • Leili Abolhassani

    (Department of Agricultural Economics, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad (FUM), Mashhad 9177948978, Iran
    Economic Research Branch, Agri-Food & Biosciences Institute (AFBI), Belfast BT9 5PX, UK)

  • Naser Shahnoushi Foroushani

    (Department of Agricultural Economics, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad (FUM), Mashhad 9177948978, Iran)

  • Diane Burgess

    (Economic Research Branch, Agri-Food & Biosciences Institute (AFBI), Belfast BT9 5PX, UK)

  • Milad Aminizadeh

    (Department of Agricultural Economics, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad (FUM), Mashhad 9177948978, Iran)

Abstract

Countries in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) have been facing serious environmental issues due to over-exploitation of natural resources. This paper analyzes the ecological footprint as a proxy of environmental degradation and determines its influencing factors in 18 MENA countries during 2000–2016. Despite the many studies on the relationship between the ecological footprint and its determinants in the region, the current study use spatial econometric models to take into account spatial dependence in the ecological footprint as well as its determinants. Using a spatial Durbin model, we revealed that neighbors’ behavior can significantly affect a country’s ecological footprint. Factors such as GDP per capita, trade openness, and financial development were found to increase environmental degradation, while the renewable energy consumption, urbanization, and quality of democracy effectively reduce the ecological footprint. These factors not only affect the ecological footprint in the host country, but also affect it in the adjacent countries in different ways. Due to the interdependence of the countries, we recommend development of a regional vision of the bio-economy such that the scope of the analysis goes beyond the country level to account for territorial effects. Furthermore, considering the great potential for renewable energy consumption in the region, we recommend MENA countries to develop use of renewable energy sources in order to reduce environmental degradation in the region.

Suggested Citation

  • Mohammadreza Ramezani & Leili Abolhassani & Naser Shahnoushi Foroushani & Diane Burgess & Milad Aminizadeh, 2022. "Ecological Footprint and Its Determinants in MENA Countries: A Spatial Econometric Approach," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(18), pages 1-20, September.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:14:y:2022:i:18:p:11708-:d:918157
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    3. Uzar, Umut & Eyuboglu, Kemal, 2025. "Examining the hidden effects of democracy and natural sources on ecological footprint in South Africa: Fourier NARDL approach," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 103(C).
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    8. Saud, Shah & Haseeb, Abdul & Zafar, Muhammad Wasif & Li, Huiyun, 2023. "Articulating natural resource abundance, economic complexity, education and environmental sustainability in MENA countries: Evidence from advanced panel estimation," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 80(C).
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