IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jijerp/v19y2022i21p14455-d963161.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Human Mobility Restrictions and COVID-19 Infection Rates: Analysis of Mobility Data and Coronavirus Spread in Poland and Portugal

Author

Listed:
  • Artur Strzelecki

    (Department of Informatics, University of Economics in Katowice, 40-287 Katowice, Poland
    These authors contributed equally to the work.)

  • Ana Azevedo

    (CEOS.PP, Porto Accounting and Business School, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
    These authors contributed equally to the work.)

  • Mariia Rizun

    (Department of Informatics, University of Economics in Katowice, 40-287 Katowice, Poland)

  • Paulina Rutecka

    (Department of Informatics, University of Economics in Katowice, 40-287 Katowice, Poland)

  • Kacper Zagała

    (Department of Informatics, University of Economics in Katowice, 40-287 Katowice, Poland)

  • Karina Cicha

    (Department of Communication Design and Analysis, University of Economics in Katowice, 40-287 Katowice, Poland)

  • Alexandra Albuquerque

    (CEOS.PP, Porto Accounting and Business School, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal)

Abstract

This study examines the possibility of correlation between the data on human mobility restrictions and the COVID-19 infection rates in two European countries: Poland and Portugal. The aim of this study is to verify the correlation and causation between mobility changes and the infection spread as well as to investigate the impact of the introduced restrictions on changes in human mobility. The data were obtained from Google Community Mobility Reports, Apple Mobility Trends Reports, and The Humanitarian Data Exchange along with other reports published online. All the data were organized in one dataset, and three groups of variables were distinguished: restrictions, mobility, and intensity of the disease. The causal-comparative research design method is used for this study. The results show that in both countries the state restrictions reduced human mobility, with the strongest impact in places related to retail and recreation, grocery, pharmacy, and transit stations. At the same time, the data show that the increase in restrictions had strong positive correlation with stays in residential places both in Poland and Portugal.

Suggested Citation

  • Artur Strzelecki & Ana Azevedo & Mariia Rizun & Paulina Rutecka & Kacper Zagała & Karina Cicha & Alexandra Albuquerque, 2022. "Human Mobility Restrictions and COVID-19 Infection Rates: Analysis of Mobility Data and Coronavirus Spread in Poland and Portugal," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(21), pages 1-25, November.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:21:p:14455-:d:963161
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/19/21/14455/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/19/21/14455/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Florian Eckert & Heiner Mikosch, 2020. "Mobility and sales activity during the Corona crisis: daily indicators for Switzerland," Swiss Journal of Economics and Statistics, Springer;Swiss Society of Economics and Statistics, vol. 156(1), pages 1-10, December.
    2. Minha Lee & Jun Zhao & Qianqian Sun & Yixuan Pan & Weiyi Zhou & Chenfeng Xiong & Lei Zhang, 2020. "Human mobility trends during the early stage of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 15(11), pages 1-15, November.
    3. Fang, Hanming & Wang, Long & Yang, Yang, 2020. "Human mobility restrictions and the spread of the Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in China," Journal of Public Economics, Elsevier, vol. 191(C).
    4. Siqin Wang & Yan Liu & Tao Hu, 2020. "Examining the Change of Human Mobility Adherent to Social Restriction Policies and Its Effect on COVID-19 Cases in Australia," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(21), pages 1-17, October.
    5. Granger, C W J, 1969. "Investigating Causal Relations by Econometric Models and Cross-Spectral Methods," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 37(3), pages 424-438, July.
    6. Ugofilippo Basellini & Diego Alburez-Gutierrez & Emanuele Del Fava & Daniela Perrotta & Marco Bonetti & Carlo Giovanni Camarda & Emilio Zagheni, 2020. "Linking excess mortality to Google mobility data during the COVID-19 pandemic in England and Wales," Working Papers axehlaypkgkzhr-blqv4, French Institute for Demographic Studies.
    7. Tiago Tamagusko & Adelino Ferreira, 2020. "Data-Driven Approach to Understand the Mobility Patterns of the Portuguese Population during the COVID-19 Pandemic," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(22), pages 1-12, November.
    8. Vít Pászto & Jaroslav Burian & Karel Macků, 2021. "Changing Mobility Lifestyle: A Case Study on the Impact of COVID-19 Using Personal Google Locations Data," International Journal of E-Planning Research (IJEPR), IGI Global, vol. 10(2), pages 66-79, April.
    9. Flávio C Coelho & Raquel M Lana & Oswaldo G Cruz & Daniel A M Villela & Leonardo S Bastos & Ana Pastore y Piontti & Jessica T Davis & Alessandro Vespignani & Claudia T Codeço & Marcelo F C Gomes, 2020. "Assessing the spread of COVID-19 in Brazil: Mobility, morbidity and social vulnerability," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 15(9), pages 1-11, September.
    10. Yuksel, Mutlu & Aydede, Yigit & Begolli, Francisko, 2020. "Dynamics of Social Mobility during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Canada," IZA Discussion Papers 13376, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
    11. Md. Mokhlesur Rahman & Jean-Claude Thill & Kamal Chandra Paul, 2020. "COVID-19 Pandemic Severity, Lockdown Regimes, and People’s Mobility: Early Evidence from 88 Countries," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(21), pages 1-17, November.
    12. Ugofilippo Basellini & Diego Alburez-Gutierrez & Emanuele Del Fava & Daniela Perrotta & Marco Bonetti & Carlo Giovanni Camarda & Emilio Zagheni, 2020. "Linking excess mortality to Google mobility data during the COVID-19 pandemic in England and Wales," Working Papers axniwfk3qpl52ayy4p-i, French Institute for Demographic Studies.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Abel Brodeur & David Gray & Anik Islam & Suraiya Bhuiyan, 2021. "A literature review of the economics of COVID‐19," Journal of Economic Surveys, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 35(4), pages 1007-1044, September.
    2. Mauro Caselli & Andrea Fracasso & Sergio Scicchitano, 2022. "From the lockdown to the new normal: individual mobility and local labor market characteristics following the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy," Journal of Population Economics, Springer;European Society for Population Economics, vol. 35(4), pages 1517-1550, October.
    3. Venera Tomaselli & Massimo Mucciardi, 2021. "Mobility and mortality in covid-19 epidemic: a spatial analysis," RIEDS - Rivista Italiana di Economia, Demografia e Statistica - The Italian Journal of Economic, Demographic and Statistical Studies, SIEDS Societa' Italiana di Economia Demografia e Statistica, vol. 75(2), pages 39-49, April-Jun.
    4. Mariani, Lucas Argentieri & Gagete-Miranda, Jessica & Rettl, Paula, 2020. "Words can hurt: how political communication can change the pace of an epidemic," OSF Preprints ps2wx, Center for Open Science.
    5. Emeka Nkoro & Aham Kelvin Uko, 2016. "Exchange Rate and Inflation Volatility and Stock Prices Volatility: Evidence from Nigeria, 1986-2012," Journal of Applied Finance & Banking, SCIENPRESS Ltd, vol. 6(6), pages 1-4.
    6. Fang, Da & Guo, Yan, 2022. "Flow of goods to the shock of COVID-19 and toll-free highway policy: Evidence from logistics data in China," Research in Transportation Economics, Elsevier, vol. 93(C).
    7. Czujack, Corinna & Flôres Junior, Renato Galvão & Ginsburgh, Victor, 1995. "On long-run price comovements between paintings and prints," FGV EPGE Economics Working Papers (Ensaios Economicos da EPGE) 269, EPGE Brazilian School of Economics and Finance - FGV EPGE (Brazil).
    8. Sotirios Varelas, 2022. "Virtual Immersive Platforms as a Strategic Innovative Destination Marketing Tool in the COVID-19 Era," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(19), pages 1-15, October.
    9. Loperfido, Nicola, 2010. "A note on marginal and conditional independence," Statistics & Probability Letters, Elsevier, vol. 80(23-24), pages 1695-1699, December.
    10. Hyunsoo Kang, 2022. "Impacts of Income Inequality and Economic Growth on CO 2 Emissions: Comparing the Gini Coefficient and the Top Income Share in OECD Countries," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(19), pages 1-15, September.
    11. KAMKOUM, Arnaud Cedric, 2023. "The Federal Reserve’s Response to the Global Financial Crisis and its Effects: An Interrupted Time-Series Analysis of the Impact of its Quantitative Easing Programs," Thesis Commons d7pvg, Center for Open Science.
    12. Bierens, H.J. & Broersma, L., 1991. "The relation between unemployment and interest rate : some international evidence," Serie Research Memoranda 0112, VU University Amsterdam, Faculty of Economics, Business Administration and Econometrics.
    13. Zamani, Mehrzad, 2007. "Energy consumption and economic activities in Iran," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 29(6), pages 1135-1140, November.
    14. Jumah, Adusei & Kunst, Robert M., 2001. "The Effects of Exchange-Rate Exposures on Equity Asset Markets," Economics Series 94, Institute for Advanced Studies.
    15. Muhammad Shafiullah & Ravinthirakumaran Navaratnam, 2016. "Do Bangladesh and Sri Lanka Enjoy Export-Led Growth? A Comparison of Two Small South Asian Economies," South Asia Economic Journal, Institute of Policy Studies of Sri Lanka, vol. 17(1), pages 114-132, March.
    16. Portes, Richard & Santorum, Anita, 1987. "Money and the consumption goods market in China," Journal of Comparative Economics, Elsevier, vol. 11(3), pages 354-371, September.
    17. Alberto Fuertes & Simón Sosvilla-Rivero, 2019. "“Forecasting emerging market currencies: Are inflation expectations useful?”," IREA Working Papers 201918, University of Barcelona, Research Institute of Applied Economics, revised Oct 2019.
    18. Diana Ricciulli-Marín, 2020. "The Fiscal Cost of Conflict: Evidence from La Violencia in Colombia," Cuadernos de Historia Económica 53, Banco de la Republica de Colombia.
    19. Ichino, Andrea & Favero, Carlo A. & Rustichini, Aldo, 2020. "Restarting the economy while saving lives under Covid-19," CEPR Discussion Papers 14664, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
    20. Wesam Salah Alaloul & Muhammad Ali Musarat & Muhammad Babar Ali Rabbani & Qaiser Iqbal & Ahsen Maqsoom & Waqas Farooq, 2021. "Construction Sector Contribution to Economic Stability: Malaysian GDP Distribution," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(9), pages 1-26, April.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:21:p:14455-:d:963161. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.