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Climate Change, Water Quality and Water-Related Challenges: A Review with Focus on Pakistan

Author

Listed:
  • Toqeer Ahmed

    (Centre for Climate Research and Development, COMSATS University Islamabad, Park Road, Chak Shahzad, Islamabad 45550, Pakistan)

  • Mohammad Zounemat-Kermani

    (Department of Water Engineering, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman 7616913439, Iran)

  • Miklas Scholz

    (Division of Water Resources Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Lund University, PO Box 118, 22100 Lund, Sweden
    Department of Civil Engineering Science, School of Civil Engineering and the Built Environment, University of Johannesburg, Kingsway Campus, Aukland Park 2006, Johannesburg PO Box 524, South Africa
    Civil Engineering Research Group, School of Computing, Science and Engineering, The University of Salford, Newton Building, Peel Park Campus, Salford M5 4WT, UK)

Abstract

Climate variability is heavily impacting human health all around the globe, in particular, on residents of developing countries. Impacts on surface water and groundwater resources and water-related illnesses are increasing, especially under changing climate scenarios such as diversity in rainfall patterns, increasing temperature, flash floods, severe droughts, heatwaves and heavy precipitation. Emerging water-related diseases such as dengue fever and chikungunya are reappearing and impacting on the life of the deprived; as such, the provision of safe water and health care is in great demand in developing countries to combat the spread of infectious diseases. Government, academia and private water bodies are conducting water quality surveys and providing health care facilities, but there is still a need to improve the present strategies concerning water treatment and management, as well as governance. In this review paper, climate change pattern and risks associated with water-related diseases in developing countries, with particular focus on Pakistan, and novel methods for controlling both waterborne and water-related diseases are discussed. This study is important for public health care, particularly in developing countries, for policy makers, and researchers working in the area of climate change, water quality and risk assessment.

Suggested Citation

  • Toqeer Ahmed & Mohammad Zounemat-Kermani & Miklas Scholz, 2020. "Climate Change, Water Quality and Water-Related Challenges: A Review with Focus on Pakistan," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(22), pages 1-22, November.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:17:y:2020:i:22:p:8518-:d:446413
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Toqeer Ahmed & Miklas Scholz & Furat Al-Faraj & Wajeeha Niaz, 2016. "Water-Related Impacts of Climate Change on Agriculture and Subsequently on Public Health: A Review for Generalists with Particular Reference to Pakistan," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 13(11), pages 1-16, October.
    2. Rijsberman, Frank R., 2006. "Water scarcity: Fact or fiction?," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 80(1-3), pages 5-22, February.
    3. Toqeer Ahmed & Muhammad Zeeshan Hyder & Irfan Liaqat & Miklas Scholz, 2019. "Climatic Conditions: Conventional and Nanotechnology-Based Methods for the Control of Mosquito Vectors Causing Human Health Issues," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(17), pages 1-25, August.
    4. KyeongAe Choe & Dale Whittington & Donald T. Lauria, 1996. "The Economic Benefits of Surface Water Quality Improvements in Developing Countries: A Case Study of Davao, Philippines," Land Economics, University of Wisconsin Press, vol. 72(4), pages 519-537.
    5. Barry Smit & Ian Burton & Richard Klein & J. Wandel, 2000. "An Anatomy of Adaptation to Climate Change and Variability," Climatic Change, Springer, vol. 45(1), pages 223-251, April.
    6. Jamil Ahmed & Li Ping Wong & Yan Piaw Chua & Najeebullah Channa & Rasool Bux Mahar & Aneela Yasmin & James A. VanDerslice & Joshua V. Garn, 2020. "Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment of Drinking Water Quality to Predict the Risk of Waterborne Diseases in Primary-School Children," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(8), pages 1-16, April.
    7. Nicholas Stern, 2008. "The Economics of Climate Change," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 98(2), pages 1-37, May.
    8. Pappas, G., 2011. "Pakistan and water: New pressures on global security and human health," American Journal of Public Health, American Public Health Association, vol. 101(5), pages 786-788.
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