IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jeners/v18y2025i12p3114-d1678125.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

How (Co-)Ownership in Renewables Improves Heating Usage Behaviour and the Willingness to Adopt Energy-Efficient Technologies—Data from German Households

Author

Listed:
  • Renan Magalhães

    (Faculty of Business Administration and Economics, Europa-University Viadrina, 15230 Frankfurt (Oder), Germany
    Kelso Institute Europe, 10965 Berlin, Germany)

  • Jens Lowitzsch

    (Faculty of Business Administration and Economics, Europa-University Viadrina, 15230 Frankfurt (Oder), Germany
    Kelso Institute Europe, 10965 Berlin, Germany)

  • Federico Narracci

    (Kelso Institute Europe, 10965 Berlin, Germany)

Abstract

In the housing sector emission reduction builds on a shift from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources and increasing the efficiency of energy usage, with heating playing a dominant role in comparison to that of electricity. For electricity production in the residential sector, research shows that different settings of (co-)ownership in renewables are linked to a greater tendency to invest in energy-efficient devices or to adopt more energy-conscious behaviours. The empirical analysis demonstrates that fully-fledged prosumers, i.e., consumers who have the option to choose between self-consumption and selling to third parties or the grid, exhibit a higher tendency to invest in energy efficiency and that only this group manifests a greater likelihood of engaging in conscious-energy consumption behaviour. This paper extends the analysis to include heating in the residential sector. The study conducted an ANCOVA based on a sample of 2585 German households. The findings show that, depending on the (co-)ownership setting, the willingness to invest and to adopt energy-efficient practices grows considerably. Consumer-sellers demonstrate the highest willingness to invest and adapt energy conscious behaviour. Furthermore, regarding heating in particular, self-consumers are also inclined to invest and engage in energy-savings behaviour.

Suggested Citation

  • Renan Magalhães & Jens Lowitzsch & Federico Narracci, 2025. "How (Co-)Ownership in Renewables Improves Heating Usage Behaviour and the Willingness to Adopt Energy-Efficient Technologies—Data from German Households," Energies, MDPI, vol. 18(12), pages 1-26, June.
  • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:18:y:2025:i:12:p:3114-:d:1678125
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/18/12/3114/pdf
    Download Restriction: no

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/18/12/3114/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Gilson Dranka, Géremi & Ferreira, Paula & Vaz, A. Ismael F., 2022. "Co-benefits between energy efficiency and demand-response on renewable-based energy systems," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 169(C).
    2. Nair, Gireesh & Gustavsson, Leif & Mahapatra, Krushna, 2010. "Factors influencing energy efficiency investments in existing Swedish residential buildings," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 38(6), pages 2956-2963, June.
    3. Salite, Daniela & Miao, Ying & Turner, Ed & Feng, Yuan, 2024. "Assessing the adoption of sustainable heating technologies in the United Kingdom – A case study of socioeconomically deprived neighbourhoods of Nottingham city," Technology in Society, Elsevier, vol. 77(C).
    4. Keirstead, James, 2007. "Behavioural responses to photovoltaic systems in the UK domestic sector," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 35(8), pages 4128-4141, August.
    5. Renan Magalhães & Federico Narracci & Jens Lowitzsch, 2025. "Crowdfunding and Energy Efficiency Contracting: Exploring New Pathways for Private Investment in Building Renovations," FinTech, MDPI, vol. 4(1), pages 1-21, February.
    6. Gustafsson, Marcus & Gustafsson, Moa Swing & Myhren, Jonn Are & Bales, Chris & Holmberg, Sture, 2016. "Techno-economic analysis of energy renovation measures for a district heated multi-family house," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 177(C), pages 108-116.
    7. Ding, Zhihua & Wang, Guangqiang & Liu, Zhenhua & Long, Ruyin, 2017. "Research on differences in the factors influencing the energy-saving behavior of urban and rural residents in China–A case study of Jiangsu Province," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 100(C), pages 252-259.
    8. Tjørring, Lise & Jensen, Carsten Lynge & Hansen, Lars Gårn & Andersen, Laura Mørch, 2018. "Increasing the flexibility of electricity consumption in private households: Does gender matter?," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 118(C), pages 9-18.
    9. Aunedi, Marko & Pantaleo, Antonio Marco & Kuriyan, Kamal & Strbac, Goran & Shah, Nilay, 2020. "Modelling of national and local interactions between heat and electricity networks in low-carbon energy systems," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 276(C).
    10. Frederiks, Elisha R. & Stenner, Karen & Hobman, Elizabeth V., 2015. "Household energy use: Applying behavioural economics to understand consumer decision-making and behaviour," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 41(C), pages 1385-1394.
    11. Wohlfarth, Katharina & Worrell, Ernst & Eichhammer, Wolfgang, 2020. "Energy efficiency and demand response – two sides of the same coin?," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 137(C).
    12. Ramos, A. & Gago, A. & Labandeira, X. & Linares, P., 2015. "The role of information for energy efficiency in the residential sector," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 52(S1), pages 17-29.
    13. Steven S. Salim & Stefan L. Luxembourg & Francesco Dalla Longa & Bob van der Zwaan, 2024. "From Retrofitting to Renewables: Navigating Energy Transition Pathways for European Residential Space Heating," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(10), pages 1-28, May.
    14. Trotta, Gianluca, 2018. "Factors affecting energy-saving behaviours and energy efficiency investments in British households," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 114(C), pages 529-539.
    15. Galvin, Ray & Dütschke, Elisabeth & Weiß, Julika, 2021. "A conceptual framework for understanding rebound effects with renewable electricity: A new challenge for decarbonizing the electricity sector," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 176(C), pages 423-432.
    16. Collins, Matthew & Curtis, John, 2018. "Willingness-to-pay and free-riding in a national energy efficiency retrofit grant scheme," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 118(C), pages 211-220.
    17. Mills, Bradford & Schleich, Joachim, 2012. "Residential energy-efficient technology adoption, energy conservation, knowledge, and attitudes: An analysis of European countries," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 49(C), pages 616-628.
    18. Wang, Shubin & Sun, Shaolong & Zhao, Erlong & Wang, Shouyang, 2021. "Urban and rural differences with regional assessment of household energy consumption in China," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 232(C).
    19. Iztok Podbregar & Sanja Filipović & Mirjana Radovanović & Olga Mirković Isaeva & Polona Šprajc, 2021. "Electricity Prices and Consumer Behavior, Case Study Serbia—Randomized Control Trials Method," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(3), pages 1-12, January.
    20. Zaid Al-Atari & Rob Shipman & Mark Gillott, 2024. "Optimisation of Integrated Heat Pump and Thermal Energy Storage Systems in Active Buildings for Community Heat Decarbonisation," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(21), pages 1-18, October.
    21. Bauwens, Thomas, 2016. "Explaining the diversity of motivations behind community renewable energy," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 93(C), pages 278-290.
    22. Tuominen, Pekka & Forsström, Juha & Honkatukia, Juha, 2013. "Economic effects of energy efficiency improvements in the Finnish building stock," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 52(C), pages 181-189.
    23. Haas, Reinhard & Biermayr, Peter, 2000. "The rebound effect for space heating Empirical evidence from Austria," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 28(6-7), pages 403-410, June.
    24. Bożena Gajdzik & Radosław Wolniak & Rafał Nagaj & Brigita Žuromskaitė-Nagaj & Wieslaw Wes Grebski, 2024. "The Influence of the Global Energy Crisis on Energy Efficiency: A Comprehensive Analysis," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(4), pages 1-51, February.
    25. Heinen, Steve & Burke, Daniel & O'Malley, Mark, 2016. "Electricity, gas, heat integration via residential hybrid heating technologies – An investment model assessment," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 109(C), pages 906-919.
    26. Michael Krug & Maria Rosaria Di Nucci & Matteo Caldera & Elena De Luca, 2022. "Mainstreaming Community Energy: Is the Renewable Energy Directive a Driver for Renewable Energy Communities in Germany and Italy?," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(12), pages 1-24, June.
    27. Lang, Ghislaine & Farsi, Mehdi & Lanz, Bruno & Weber, Sylvain, 2021. "Energy efficiency and heating technology investments: Manipulating financial information in a discrete choice experiment," Resource and Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 64(C).
    28. Connolly, D., 2017. "Heat Roadmap Europe: Quantitative comparison between the electricity, heating, and cooling sectors for different European countries," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 139(C), pages 580-593.
    29. Tagliapietra, Simone & Zachmann, Georg & Edenhofer, Ottmar & Glachant, Jean-Michel & Linares, Pedro & Loeschel, Andreas, 2019. "The European union energy transition: Key priorities for the next five years," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 132(C), pages 950-954.
    30. Lucas Roth & Özgür Yildiz & Jens Lowitzsch, 2021. "An Empirical Approach to Differences in Flexible Electricity Consumption Behaviour of Urban and Rural Populations—Lessons Learned in Germany," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(16), pages 1-31, August.
    31. Khan, Samiha & Murshed, Muntasir & Ozturk, Ilhan & Khudoykulov, Khurshid, 2022. "The roles of energy efficiency improvement, renewable electricity production, and financial inclusion in stimulating environmental sustainability in the Next Eleven countries," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 193(C), pages 1164-1176.
    32. Havas, Lisa & Ballweg, Julie & Penna, Chris & Race, Digby, 2015. "Power to change: Analysis of household participation in a renewable energy and energy efficiency programme in Central Australia," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 87(C), pages 325-333.
    33. Rosenow, Jan & Guertler, Pedro & Sorrell, Steven & Eyre, Nick, 2018. "The remaining potential for energy savings in UK households," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 121(C), pages 542-552.
    34. McAndrew, Ryan & Mulcahy, Rory & Gordon, Ross & Russell-Bennett, Rebekah, 2021. "Household energy efficiency interventions: A systematic literature review," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 150(C).
    35. Atkinson, Anthony C. & Riani, Marco & Corbellini, Aldo, 2021. "The box-cox transformation: review and extensions," LSE Research Online Documents on Economics 103537, London School of Economics and Political Science, LSE Library.
    36. Konietschke, Frank & Bathke, Arne C. & Harrar, Solomon W. & Pauly, Markus, 2015. "Parametric and nonparametric bootstrap methods for general MANOVA," Journal of Multivariate Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 140(C), pages 291-301.
    37. Dlamini, Ndumiso G. & Cromieres, Fabien, 2012. "Implementing peak load reduction algorithms for household electrical appliances," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 44(C), pages 280-290.
    38. Levesque, Antoine & Pietzcker, Robert C. & Luderer, Gunnar, 2019. "Halving energy demand from buildings: The impact of low consumption practices," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 146(C), pages 253-266.
    39. Donald Hirsch & Matt Padley & Juliet Stone & Laura Valadez-Martinez, 2020. "The Low Income Gap: A New Indicator Based on a Minimum Income Standard," Social Indicators Research: An International and Interdisciplinary Journal for Quality-of-Life Measurement, Springer, vol. 149(1), pages 67-85, May.
    40. Arturs Staveckis & Jurgis Zemitis, 2023. "Impact of the Limited Heat Source Capacity on Indoor Temperature and Energy Consumption in Serial nZEB Residential Buildings across the Baltic Region," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(16), pages 1-16, August.
    41. Streukens, Sandra & Leroi-Werelds, Sara, 2016. "Bootstrapping and PLS-SEM: A step-by-step guide to get more out of your bootstrap results," European Management Journal, Elsevier, vol. 34(6), pages 618-632.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Roth, Lucas & Lowitzsch, Jens & Yildiz, Özgür, 2023. "Which (co-)ownership types in renewables are associated with the willingness to adopt energy-efficient technologies and energy-conscious behaviour? Data from German households," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 180(C).
    2. Xuan Liu & Qiancheng Wang & Hsi-Hsien Wei & Hung-Lin Chi & Yaotian Ma & Izzy Yi Jian, 2020. "Psychological and Demographic Factors Affecting Household Energy-Saving Intentions: A TPB-Based Study in Northwest China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(3), pages 1-20, January.
    3. Renan Magalhães & Federico Narracci & Jens Lowitzsch, 2025. "Crowdfunding and Energy Efficiency Contracting: Exploring New Pathways for Private Investment in Building Renovations," FinTech, MDPI, vol. 4(1), pages 1-21, February.
    4. Matheus Koengkan & Nuno Silva & José Alberto Fuinhas, 2023. "Assessing Energy Performance Certificates for Buildings: A Fuzzy Set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA) of Portuguese Municipalities," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(7), pages 1-30, April.
    5. Sylwia Słupik & Joanna Kos-Łabędowicz & Joanna Trzęsiok, 2021. "Energy-Related Behaviour of Consumers from the Silesia Province (Poland)—Towards a Low-Carbon Economy," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(8), pages 1-23, April.
    6. Schleich, Joachim, 2019. "Energy efficient technology adoption in low-income households in the European Union – What is the evidence?," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 125(C), pages 196-206.
    7. Schleich, Joachim & Faure, Corinne & Meissner, Thomas, 2021. "Adoption of retrofit measures among homeowners in EU countries: The effects of access to capital and debt aversion," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 149(C).
    8. Ebru Ergöz Karahan & Özgür Göçer & Kenan Göçer & Didem Boyacıoğlu, 2021. "An Investigation of Occupant Energy-Saving Behavior in Vernacular Houses of Behramkale (Assos)," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(23), pages 1-23, December.
    9. Cem Keskin & M. Pınar Mengüç, 2018. "On Occupant Behavior and Innovation Studies Towards High Performance Buildings: A Transdisciplinary Approach," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(10), pages 1-33, October.
    10. Trotta, Gianluca, 2018. "Factors affecting energy-saving behaviours and energy efficiency investments in British households," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 114(C), pages 529-539.
    11. Sylwia Słupik & Joanna Kos-Łabędowicz & Joanna Trzęsiok, 2021. "How to Encourage Energy Savings Behaviours? The Most Effective Incentives from the Perspective of European Consumers," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(23), pages 1-25, November.
    12. Blasch, Julia & Filippini, Massimo & Kumar, Nilkanth, 2019. "Boundedly rational consumers, energy and investment literacy, and the display of information on household appliances," Resource and Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 56(C), pages 39-58.
    13. Antonopoulos, Chrissi A. & Fuentes, Tracy L. & McCord, Kieren H. & Rackley, Adrienne L.S. & Biswas, Saurabh, 2024. "Regional assessment of household energy decision-making and technology adoption in the United States," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 185(C).
    14. Ante Busic-Sontic & Franz Fuerst, 2017. "The Personality Profiles of Early Adopters of Energy-Efficient Technology," SOEPpapers on Multidisciplinary Panel Data Research 924, DIW Berlin, The German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP).
    15. Henningsen, Geraldine & Wiese, Catharina, 2019. "Do Household Characteristics Really Matter? A Meta-Analysis on the Determinants of Households’ Energy-Efficiency Investments," MPRA Paper 101701, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    16. Troy Malatesta & Gregory M. Morrison & Jessica K. Breadsell & Christine Eon, 2023. "A Systematic Literature Review of the Interplay between Renewable Energy Systems and Occupant Practices," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(12), pages 1-27, June.
    17. Dalia Streimikiene & Tomas Balezentis & Ilona Alisauskaite-Seskiene & Gintare Stankuniene & Zaneta Simanaviciene, 2019. "A Review of Willingness to Pay Studies for Climate Change Mitigation in the Energy Sector," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(8), pages 1-38, April.
    18. Drivas, Kyriakos & Rozakis, Stelios & Xesfingi, Sofia, 2019. "The effect of house energy efficiency programs on the extensive and intensive margin of lower-income households’ investment behavior," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 128(C), pages 607-615.
    19. Busic-Sontic, Ante & Czap, Natalia V. & Fuerst, Franz, 2017. "The role of personality traits in green decision-making," Journal of Economic Psychology, Elsevier, vol. 62(C), pages 313-328.
    20. Halleck Vega, Solmaria & van Leeuwen, Eveline & van Twillert, Nienke, 2022. "Uptake of residential energy efficiency measures and renewable energy: Do spatial factors matter?," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 160(C).

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:18:y:2025:i:12:p:3114-:d:1678125. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.