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Heat to H 2 : Using Waste Heat for Hydrogen Production through Reverse Electrodialysis

Author

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  • Kjersti Wergeland Krakhella

    (Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
    Department of Energy and Process Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway)

  • Robert Bock

    (Department of Energy and Process Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway)

  • Odne Stokke Burheim

    (Department of Energy and Process Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway)

  • Frode Seland

    (Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway)

  • Kristian Etienne Einarsrud

    (Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway)

Abstract

This work presents an integrated hydrogen production system using reverse electrodialysis (RED) and waste heat, termed Heat to H 2 . The driving potential in RED is a concentration difference over alternating anion and cation exchange membranes, where the electrode potential can be used directly for water splitting at the RED electrodes. Low-grade waste heat is used to restore the concentration difference in RED. In this study we investigate two approaches: one water removal process by evaporation and one salt removal process. Salt is precipitated in the thermally driven salt removal, thus introducing the need for a substantial change in solubility with temperature, which KNO 3 fulfils. Experimental data of ion conductivity of K + and NO 3 − in ion-exchange membranes is obtained. The ion conductivity of KNO 3 in the membranes was compared to NaCl and found to be equal in cation exchange membranes, but significantly lower in anion exchange membranes. The membrane resistance constitutes 98% of the total ohmic resistance using concentrations relevant for the precipitation process, while for the evaporation process, the membrane resistance constitutes over 70% of the total ohmic resistance at 40 ∘ C. The modelled hydrogen production per cross-section area from RED using concentrations relevant for the precipitation process is 0.014 ± 0.009 m 3 h − 1 (1.1 ± 0.7 g h − 1 ) at 40 ∘ C, while with concentrations relevant for evaporation, the hydrogen production per cross-section area was 0.034 ± 0.016 m 3 h − 1 (2.6 ± 1.3 g h − 1 ). The modelled energy needed per cubic meter of hydrogen produced is 55 ± 22 kWh (700 ± 300 kWh kg − 1 ) for the evaporation process and 8.22 ± 0.05 kWh (104.8 ± 0.6 kWh kg − 1 ) for the precipitation process. Using RED together with the precipitation process has similar energy consumption per volume hydrogen produced compared to proton exchange membrane water electrolysis and alkaline water electrolysis, where the energy input to the Heat to H 2 -process comes from low-grade waste heat.

Suggested Citation

  • Kjersti Wergeland Krakhella & Robert Bock & Odne Stokke Burheim & Frode Seland & Kristian Etienne Einarsrud, 2019. "Heat to H 2 : Using Waste Heat for Hydrogen Production through Reverse Electrodialysis," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(18), pages 1-25, September.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:12:y:2019:i:18:p:3428-:d:264616
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Wick, Gerald L., 1978. "Power from salinity gradients," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 3(1), pages 95-100.
    2. Tamburini, A. & Tedesco, M. & Cipollina, A. & Micale, G. & Ciofalo, M. & Papapetrou, M. & Van Baak, W. & Piacentino, A., 2017. "Reverse electrodialysis heat engine for sustainable power production," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 206(C), pages 1334-1353.
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    Citations

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    Cited by:

    1. Tian, Hailong & Wang, Ying & Pei, Yuansheng & Crittenden, John C., 2020. "Unique applications and improvements of reverse electrodialysis: A review and outlook," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 262(C).
    2. Ali Cemal Benim & Björn Pfeiffelmann, 2019. "Comparison of Combustion Models for Lifted Hydrogen Flames within RANS Framework," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(1), pages 1-24, December.
    3. Kjersti Wergeland Krakhella & Marjorie Morales & Robert Bock & Frode Seland & Odne Stokke Burheim & Kristian Etienne Einarsrud, 2020. "Electrodialytic Energy Storage System: Permselectivity, Stack Measurements and Life-Cycle Analysis," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(5), pages 1-26, March.
    4. Soo-Jin Han & Jin-Soo Park, 2021. "Understanding Membrane Fouling in Electrically Driven Energy Conversion Devices," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(1), pages 1-11, January.
    5. Simon B. B. Solberg & Pauline Zimmermann & Øivind Wilhelmsen & Jacob J. Lamb & Robert Bock & Odne S. Burheim, 2022. "Heat to Hydrogen by Reverse Electrodialysis—Using a Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics Model to Evaluate Hydrogen Production Concepts Utilising Waste Heat," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(16), pages 1-22, August.
    6. Robert Bock & Björn Kleinsteinberg & Bjørn Selnes-Volseth & Odne Stokke Burheim, 2021. "A Novel Iron Chloride Red-Ox Concentration Flow Cell Battery (ICFB) Concept; Power and Electrode Optimization," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(4), pages 1-12, February.

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